Linear time-invariant (LTI)
Linearity means that if you have two inputs and two corresponding outputs, if you take a linear combination of those two inputs you will get a linear combination of the outputs. An example of a linear system is a first order low-pass or high-pass filter. Linear systems are made out of analog devices that demonstrate linear properties. These devices don't have to be entirely linear, but must have a region of operation that is linear. An operational amplifier is a non-linear device, but has a region of operation that is linear, so it can be modeled as linear within that region of operation. Time-invariance means it doesn't matter when you start a system, the same output will result. For example, if you have a system and put an input into it today, you would get the same output if you started the system tomorrow instead. There aren't any real systems that are LTI, but many systems can be modeled as LTI for simplicity in determining what their output will be. All systems have some dependence on things like temperature, signal level or other factors that cause them to be non-linear or non-time-invariant, but most are stable enough to model as LTI. Linearity and time-invariance are important because they are the only types of systems that can be easily solved using conventional analog signal processing methods. Once a system becomes non-linear or non-time-invariant, it becomes a non-linear differential equations problem, and there are very few of those that can actually be solved. (Haykin & Van Veen 2003)
Common systems
Some common systems used in everyday life are filters, AM/FM radio, electric guitars and musical instrument amplifiers. Filters are used in almost everything that has electronic circuitry. Radio and television are good examples of everyday uses of filters. When a channel is changed on an analog television set or radio, an analog filter is used to pick out the carrier frequency on the input signal. Once it's isolated, the television or radio information being broadcast is used to form the picture and/or sound. Another common analog system is an electric guitar and its amplifier. The guitar uses a magnet with a coil wrapped around it (inductor) to turn the vibration of the strings into a small electric current. The current is then filtered, amplified and sent to a speaker in the amplifier. Most amplifiers are analog because it's easier and cheaper than making a digital amplifier. There are also many analog guitar effects pedals, although a large number of pedals are now digital (they turn the input current into a digitized value, perform an operation on it, then convert it back into an analog signal).
Tuesday, March 31, 2009
Domains electronicsjalil
Time domain
This is the domain that most people are familiar with. A plot in the time domain shows the magnitude of a signal at a point in time.
Frequency domain
This is the domain that engineers are glad exists. It's unfamiliar to most people, but makes the math associated with analog signal processing much easier than if it's analyzed in the time domain. A plot in the frequency domain shows either the phase shift or magnitude of a signal at each frequency that it exists at. These can be found by taking the Fourier transform of a time signal and are plotted similarly to a bode plot.
Signals
While any signal can be used in analog signal processing, there are many types of signals that are used very frequently.
Sinusoids
Sinusoids are the building block of analog signal processing. Theorem states that all real world signals can be represented by a sum of sinusoids. A sinusoid can be represented by a complex exponential, e^{st}.
Impulse
An impulse (Dirac delta function) is defined as a signal that has an infinite magnitude and an infinitesimally narrow width with an area under it of one, centered at zero. An impulse can be represented as an infinite sum of sinusoids that includes all possible frequencies. This definition is really hard to use in real life, so most engineers conceptualize it to a signal that is one at zero and zero everywhere else. The symbol for an impulse is delta(t). If an impulse is used as an input to a system, the output is known as the impulse response. The impulse response defines the system because all possible frequencies are represented in the input.
Step
A step function is a signal that has a magnitude of zero before zero and a magnitude of one after zero. The symbol for a step is u(t). If a step is used as the input to a system, the output is called the step response. The step response shows how a system responds to a sudden input, similar to turning on a switch. The period before the output stabilizes is called the transient part of a signal. The step response can be multiplied with other signals to show how the system responds when an input is suddenly turned on.
This is the domain that most people are familiar with. A plot in the time domain shows the magnitude of a signal at a point in time.
Frequency domain
This is the domain that engineers are glad exists. It's unfamiliar to most people, but makes the math associated with analog signal processing much easier than if it's analyzed in the time domain. A plot in the frequency domain shows either the phase shift or magnitude of a signal at each frequency that it exists at. These can be found by taking the Fourier transform of a time signal and are plotted similarly to a bode plot.
Signals
While any signal can be used in analog signal processing, there are many types of signals that are used very frequently.
Sinusoids
Sinusoids are the building block of analog signal processing. Theorem states that all real world signals can be represented by a sum of sinusoids. A sinusoid can be represented by a complex exponential, e^{st}.
Impulse
An impulse (Dirac delta function) is defined as a signal that has an infinite magnitude and an infinitesimally narrow width with an area under it of one, centered at zero. An impulse can be represented as an infinite sum of sinusoids that includes all possible frequencies. This definition is really hard to use in real life, so most engineers conceptualize it to a signal that is one at zero and zero everywhere else. The symbol for an impulse is delta(t). If an impulse is used as an input to a system, the output is known as the impulse response. The impulse response defines the system because all possible frequencies are represented in the input.
Step
A step function is a signal that has a magnitude of zero before zero and a magnitude of one after zero. The symbol for a step is u(t). If a step is used as the input to a system, the output is called the step response. The step response shows how a system responds to a sudden input, similar to turning on a switch. The period before the output stabilizes is called the transient part of a signal. The step response can be multiplied with other signals to show how the system responds when an input is suddenly turned on.
What are the Tools used in analog signal processing ?
A system's behavior can be mathematically modeled and is represented in the time domain as h(t) and in the frequency domain as H(s), where s is a complex number in the form of s=a+ib, or s=a+jb in electrical engineering terms (electrical engineers use j because current is represented by the variable i). Input signals are usually called x(t) or X(s) and output signals are usually called y(t) or Y(s).
Convolution
Convolution is the basic concept in signal processing that states an input signal can be combined with the system's function to find the output signal. The symbol for convolution is *.
That is the convolution integral and is used to find the convolution of a signal and a system; typically a = -∞ and b = +∞.
Fourier transform
The Fourier transform is a function that transforms a signal or system in the time domain into the frequency domain, but it only works for certain ones. The constraint on which systems or signals can be transformed by the Fourier Transform is that:
This is the Fourier transform integral:
Most of the time the Fourier transform integral isn't used to determine the transform. Usually a table of transform pairs is used to find the Fourier transform of a signal or system. The inverse Fourier transform is used to go from frequency domain to time domain:
Each signal or system that can be transformed has a unique Fourier transform; there is only one time signal and one frequency signal that goes together.
Laplace transform
The Laplace transform is a generalized Fourier transform. It allows a transform of any system or signal because it is a transform into the complex plane instead of just the jω line like the Fourier transform. The major difference is that the Laplace transform has a region of convergence for which the transform is valid. This implies that a signal in frequency may have more than one signal in time; the correct time signal for the transform is determined by the region of convergence. If the region of convergence includes the jω axis, jω can be substituted into the Laplace transform for s and it's the same as the Fourier transform. The Laplace transform is:
and the inverse Laplace transform is:
Bode plots
Bode plots are plots of magnitude vs. frequency and phase vs. frequency for a system. The magnitude axis is in Decibel (dB). The phase axis is in either degrees or radians. The frequency axes are in a logarithmic scale. These are useful because for sinusoidal inputs, the output is the input multiplied by the value of the magnitude plot at the frequency and shifted by the value of the phase plot at the frequency.
Convolution
Convolution is the basic concept in signal processing that states an input signal can be combined with the system's function to find the output signal. The symbol for convolution is *.
That is the convolution integral and is used to find the convolution of a signal and a system; typically a = -∞ and b = +∞.
Fourier transform
The Fourier transform is a function that transforms a signal or system in the time domain into the frequency domain, but it only works for certain ones. The constraint on which systems or signals can be transformed by the Fourier Transform is that:
This is the Fourier transform integral:
Most of the time the Fourier transform integral isn't used to determine the transform. Usually a table of transform pairs is used to find the Fourier transform of a signal or system. The inverse Fourier transform is used to go from frequency domain to time domain:
Each signal or system that can be transformed has a unique Fourier transform; there is only one time signal and one frequency signal that goes together.
Laplace transform
The Laplace transform is a generalized Fourier transform. It allows a transform of any system or signal because it is a transform into the complex plane instead of just the jω line like the Fourier transform. The major difference is that the Laplace transform has a region of convergence for which the transform is valid. This implies that a signal in frequency may have more than one signal in time; the correct time signal for the transform is determined by the region of convergence. If the region of convergence includes the jω axis, jω can be substituted into the Laplace transform for s and it's the same as the Fourier transform. The Laplace transform is:
and the inverse Laplace transform is:
Bode plots
Bode plots are plots of magnitude vs. frequency and phase vs. frequency for a system. The magnitude axis is in Decibel (dB). The phase axis is in either degrees or radians. The frequency axes are in a logarithmic scale. These are useful because for sinusoidal inputs, the output is the input multiplied by the value of the magnitude plot at the frequency and shifted by the value of the phase plot at the frequency.
Analog signal processing statement electronicsjalil
Analog signal processing is any signal processing conducted on analog signals by analog means. "Analog" indicates something that is mathematically represented as a set of continuous values. This differs from "digital" which uses a series of discrete quantities to represent signal. Analog values are typically represented as a voltage, electric current, or electric charge around components in the electronic devices. An error or noise affecting such physical quantities will result in a corresponding error in the signals represented by such physical quantities.
Examples of analog signal processing include crossover filters in loudspeakers, "bass", "treble" and "volume" controls on stereos, and "tint" controls on TVs. Common analog processing elements include capacitors, resistors, inductors and transistors.
Examples of analog signal processing include crossover filters in loudspeakers, "bass", "treble" and "volume" controls on stereos, and "tint" controls on TVs. Common analog processing elements include capacitors, resistors, inductors and transistors.
Cable manufacturers electronicsjalil
Some global producers of electrical wire and cable include (in alphabetical order): Belden, Cables RCT, Cords Cable, [Draka], Fujikura, Furukawa Electric, Hitachi Cable, Igus, Leoni, LS Cable, Marmon Group, Nexans, Pirelli, Prysmian, Southwire, Sumitomo Electric Industries, Tyco
Electrical cable types electronicsjalil
Basic cable types are as follows:
Basic
• Coaxial cable
• Multicore cable (consist of more than one wire and is covered by cable jacket)
• Ribbon cable
• Shielded cable
Construction
Based on construction and cable properties it can be sorted into the following:
• Mineral-insulated copper-clad cable
• Twinax cable
• Flexible cables
Special
• Bowden cable
• Direct-buried cable
• Elevator cable
Application
• Wire rope (wire cable)
• Audiovisual cable
• Bicycle cable
• Communications cable
• Computer cable
• Mechanical cable
• Sensing cable
• Submersible cable
Basic
• Coaxial cable
• Multicore cable (consist of more than one wire and is covered by cable jacket)
• Ribbon cable
• Shielded cable
Construction
Based on construction and cable properties it can be sorted into the following:
• Mineral-insulated copper-clad cable
• Twinax cable
• Flexible cables
Special
• Bowden cable
• Direct-buried cable
• Elevator cable
Application
• Wire rope (wire cable)
• Audiovisual cable
• Bicycle cable
• Communications cable
• Computer cable
• Mechanical cable
• Sensing cable
• Submersible cable
Electrical cables electronicsjalil
Electrical cables may be made more flexible by stranding the wires. In this process, smaller individual wires are twisted or braided together to produce larger wires that are more flexible than solid wires of similar size. Bunching small wires before concentric stranding adds the most flexibility. Copper wires in a cable may be bare, or they may be coated with a thin layer of another material: most often tin but sometimes gold, silver or some other material. Tin, gold, and silver are much less prone to oxidisation than copper, which may lengthen wire life, and makes soldering easier. Tight lays during stranding makes the cable extensible (CBA - as in telephone handset cords).
Cables can be securely fastened and organized, such as by using cable trees with the aid of cable ties or cable lacing. Continuous-flex or flexible cables used in moving applications within cable carriers can be secured using strain relief devices or cable ties. Copper corrodes easily and so should be layered with Lacquer.
At high frequencies, current tends to run along the surface of the conductor and avoid the core. This is known as the skin effect. It may change the relative desirability of solid versus stranded wires.
Cables and electromagnetic fields
Any current-carrying conductor, including a cable, radiates an electromagnetic field. Likewise, any conductor or cable will pick up energy from any existing electromagnetic field around it. These effects are often undesirable, in the first case amounting to unwanted transmission of energy which may adversely affect nearby equipment or other parts of the same piece of equipment; and in the second case, unwanted pickup of noise which may mask the desired signal being carried by the cable, or, if the cable is carrying power-supply or control voltages, pollute them to such an extent as to cause equipment malfunction.
Coaxial cable.
Twisted pair.
The first solution to these problems is to keep cable lengths short, since pick up and transmission are essentially proportional to the length of the cable. The second solution is to route cables away from trouble. Beyond this, there are particular cable designs that minimise electromagnetic pickup and transmission. Three of the principal design techniques are shielding, coaxial geometry, and twisted-pair geometry.
Shielding makes use of the principle of the Faraday cage. The cable is encased for its entire length in foil or wire mesh. All wires running inside this shielding layer will be to a large extent decoupled from external electric fields, particularly if the shield is connected to a point of constant voltage, such as ground. Simple shielding of this type is not greatly effective against low-frequency magnetic fields, however – such as magnetic "hum" from a nearby power transformer.
Coaxial design helps to further reduce low-frequency magnetic transmission and pickup. In this design the foil or mesh shield is perfectly tubular – ie., with a circular cross section – and the inner conductor (there can only be one) is situated exactly at its centre. This causes the voltages induced by a magnetic field between the shield and the core conductor to consist of two nearly equal magnitudes which cancel each other.
The twisted pair is a simple expedient where two wires of a cable, rather than running parallel to each other, are twisted around each other, forming a pair of intertwined helices. This can be achieved by putting one end of the pair in a hand drill and turning while maintaining moderate tension on the line. Field cancellation between successive twists of the pair considerably reduces electromagnetic pickup and transmission.
Power-supply cables feeding sensitive electronic devices are sometimes fitted with a series-wired inductor called a choke which blocks high frequencies that may have been picked up by the cable, preventing them from passing into the device.
Fire protection
In building construction, electrical cable jacket material is a potential source of fuel for a fire. To limit the spread of fire along cable jacketing, one may use cable coating materials or one may use cables with jacketing that is inherently fire retardant. The plastic covering on some metal clad cables may be stripped off at installation to reduce the fuel source for accidental fires. In Europe in particular, it is often customary to place inorganic wraps and boxes around cables in order to safeguard the adjacent areas from the potential fire threat associated with unprotected cable jacketing.
To provide fire protection to a cable, there are two methods:
a) Insulation material is deliberately added up with fire retardant materials
b) The copper conductor itself is covered with mineral insulations( MICC cables)
Cables can be securely fastened and organized, such as by using cable trees with the aid of cable ties or cable lacing. Continuous-flex or flexible cables used in moving applications within cable carriers can be secured using strain relief devices or cable ties. Copper corrodes easily and so should be layered with Lacquer.
At high frequencies, current tends to run along the surface of the conductor and avoid the core. This is known as the skin effect. It may change the relative desirability of solid versus stranded wires.
Cables and electromagnetic fields
Any current-carrying conductor, including a cable, radiates an electromagnetic field. Likewise, any conductor or cable will pick up energy from any existing electromagnetic field around it. These effects are often undesirable, in the first case amounting to unwanted transmission of energy which may adversely affect nearby equipment or other parts of the same piece of equipment; and in the second case, unwanted pickup of noise which may mask the desired signal being carried by the cable, or, if the cable is carrying power-supply or control voltages, pollute them to such an extent as to cause equipment malfunction.
Coaxial cable.
Twisted pair.
The first solution to these problems is to keep cable lengths short, since pick up and transmission are essentially proportional to the length of the cable. The second solution is to route cables away from trouble. Beyond this, there are particular cable designs that minimise electromagnetic pickup and transmission. Three of the principal design techniques are shielding, coaxial geometry, and twisted-pair geometry.
Shielding makes use of the principle of the Faraday cage. The cable is encased for its entire length in foil or wire mesh. All wires running inside this shielding layer will be to a large extent decoupled from external electric fields, particularly if the shield is connected to a point of constant voltage, such as ground. Simple shielding of this type is not greatly effective against low-frequency magnetic fields, however – such as magnetic "hum" from a nearby power transformer.
Coaxial design helps to further reduce low-frequency magnetic transmission and pickup. In this design the foil or mesh shield is perfectly tubular – ie., with a circular cross section – and the inner conductor (there can only be one) is situated exactly at its centre. This causes the voltages induced by a magnetic field between the shield and the core conductor to consist of two nearly equal magnitudes which cancel each other.
The twisted pair is a simple expedient where two wires of a cable, rather than running parallel to each other, are twisted around each other, forming a pair of intertwined helices. This can be achieved by putting one end of the pair in a hand drill and turning while maintaining moderate tension on the line. Field cancellation between successive twists of the pair considerably reduces electromagnetic pickup and transmission.
Power-supply cables feeding sensitive electronic devices are sometimes fitted with a series-wired inductor called a choke which blocks high frequencies that may have been picked up by the cable, preventing them from passing into the device.
Fire protection
In building construction, electrical cable jacket material is a potential source of fuel for a fire. To limit the spread of fire along cable jacketing, one may use cable coating materials or one may use cables with jacketing that is inherently fire retardant. The plastic covering on some metal clad cables may be stripped off at installation to reduce the fuel source for accidental fires. In Europe in particular, it is often customary to place inorganic wraps and boxes around cables in order to safeguard the adjacent areas from the potential fire threat associated with unprotected cable jacketing.
To provide fire protection to a cable, there are two methods:
a) Insulation material is deliberately added up with fire retardant materials
b) The copper conductor itself is covered with mineral insulations( MICC cables)
Cable electronicsjalil
6" or 15cm outside diameter, oil-cooled cables, traversing the Grand Coulee Dam throughout. These cables are connected to powerful pumps that pump the oil through them while in operation. Safety switches turn off the oil flow in the event of a leak, in order to limit the effects of a hydrocarbon fire.
Fire test in Sweden, showing rapid fire spread through burning of cable jackets from one cable tray to another.
500MCM 1C Power Cable Marking
A cable is two or more wires or ropes running side by side and bonded, twisted or braided together to form a single assembly. In mechanics, cables are used for lifting and hauling; in electricity they are used to carry electrical currents. An optical cable contains one or more optical fibers in a protective jacket that supports the fibers. Mechanical cable is more specifically called wire rope.
History
Ropes made of multiple strands of natural fibers such as hemp, sisal, manila, and cotton have been used for millennia for hoisting and hauling. By the 19th century, deepening of mines and construction of large ships increased demand for stronger cables. Invention of improved steelmaking techniques made high quality steel available at lower cost, and so wire ropes became common in mining and other industrial applications. By the middle of the 19th century, manfacture of large submarine telegraph cables was done using machiners similar to that used for manufacture of mechanical cables.
In the 19th century and early 20th century, electrical cable was often insulated using cloth, rubber and paper. Plastic materials are generally used today, except for high reliability power cables.
Fire test in Sweden, showing rapid fire spread through burning of cable jackets from one cable tray to another.
500MCM 1C Power Cable Marking
A cable is two or more wires or ropes running side by side and bonded, twisted or braided together to form a single assembly. In mechanics, cables are used for lifting and hauling; in electricity they are used to carry electrical currents. An optical cable contains one or more optical fibers in a protective jacket that supports the fibers. Mechanical cable is more specifically called wire rope.
History
Ropes made of multiple strands of natural fibers such as hemp, sisal, manila, and cotton have been used for millennia for hoisting and hauling. By the 19th century, deepening of mines and construction of large ships increased demand for stronger cables. Invention of improved steelmaking techniques made high quality steel available at lower cost, and so wire ropes became common in mining and other industrial applications. By the middle of the 19th century, manfacture of large submarine telegraph cables was done using machiners similar to that used for manufacture of mechanical cables.
In the 19th century and early 20th century, electrical cable was often insulated using cloth, rubber and paper. Plastic materials are generally used today, except for high reliability power cables.
Art Work
A Rat's Nest
Once the schematic has been made, it is converted into a layout that can be fabricated onto a Printed Circuit Board (PCB). The layout is usually prepared by the process of schematic capture. The result is what is known as a Rat's Nest. The Rat's Nest is a jumble of wires (lines) criss crossing each other to their destination nodes. These wires are routed either manually or by the use of Electronics Design Automation (EDA) tools. The EDA tools arrange and rearrange the placement of components and finds paths for tracks to connect various nodes. This results into an Art Work.
A generalized design flow would be as:
Schematic → Schematic Capture → Rat's Nest → Routing → Art Work → PCB Development & etching → Component Mounting → Testing
Once the schematic has been made, it is converted into a layout that can be fabricated onto a Printed Circuit Board (PCB). The layout is usually prepared by the process of schematic capture. The result is what is known as a Rat's Nest. The Rat's Nest is a jumble of wires (lines) criss crossing each other to their destination nodes. These wires are routed either manually or by the use of Electronics Design Automation (EDA) tools. The EDA tools arrange and rearrange the placement of components and finds paths for tracks to connect various nodes. This results into an Art Work.
A generalized design flow would be as:
Schematic → Schematic Capture → Rat's Nest → Routing → Art Work → PCB Development & etching → Component Mounting → Testing
Organization of drawings electronicsjalil
It is a usual although not universal convention that schematic drawings are organized on the page from left to right and top to bottom in the same sequence as the flow of the main signal or power path. For example, a schematic for a radio receiver might start with the antenna input at the left of the page and end with the loudspeaker at the right. Positive power supply connections for each stage would be shown towards the top of the page, with grounds, negative supplies, or other return paths towards the bottom. Schematic drawings intended for maintenance may have the principle signal paths highlighted to assist in understanding the signal flow through the circuit. More complex devices have multi-page schematics and must rely on cross-reference symbols to show the flow of signals between the different sheets of the drawing.
Detailed rules for the preparation of circuit diagrams (and other document kinds used in electrotechnology) are provided in the International standard IEC61082-1.
Relay logic line diagrams (also called ladder logic diagrams) use another common standardized convention for organizing schematic drawings, with a vertical power supply "rail" on the left and another on the right, and components strung between them like the rungs of a ladder.
Art Work
A Rat's Nest
Once the schematic has been made, it is converted into a layout that can be fabricated onto a Printed Circuit Board (PCB). The layout is usually prepared by the process of schematic capture. The result is what is known as a Rat's Nest. The Rat's Nest is a jumble of wires (lines) criss crossing each other to their destination nodes. These wires are routed either manually or by the use of Electronics Design Automation (EDA) tools. The EDA tools arrange and rearrange the placement of components and finds paths for tracks to connect various nodes. This results into an Art Work.
A generalized design flow would be as:
Schematic → Schematic Capture → Rat's Nest → Routing → Art Work → PCB Development & etching → Component Mounting → Testing
Detailed rules for the preparation of circuit diagrams (and other document kinds used in electrotechnology) are provided in the International standard IEC61082-1.
Relay logic line diagrams (also called ladder logic diagrams) use another common standardized convention for organizing schematic drawings, with a vertical power supply "rail" on the left and another on the right, and components strung between them like the rungs of a ladder.
Art Work
A Rat's Nest
Once the schematic has been made, it is converted into a layout that can be fabricated onto a Printed Circuit Board (PCB). The layout is usually prepared by the process of schematic capture. The result is what is known as a Rat's Nest. The Rat's Nest is a jumble of wires (lines) criss crossing each other to their destination nodes. These wires are routed either manually or by the use of Electronics Design Automation (EDA) tools. The EDA tools arrange and rearrange the placement of components and finds paths for tracks to connect various nodes. This results into an Art Work.
A generalized design flow would be as:
Schematic → Schematic Capture → Rat's Nest → Routing → Art Work → PCB Development & etching → Component Mounting → Testing
What are the European and Australian codes ?
The following codes which vary slightly from the American codes are in common use in European and Australian standard electrical circuit diagrams. These codes are used for the "reference designators" printed on PCBs (which match the corresponding ones written on the corresponding schematic).
• A: Assemblies
• B: Transducers (photo cells, inductive proximity, thermocouple, flame detection)
• C: Capacitors
• D: Storage devices
• E: Miscellaneous
• F: Fuses
• G: Generator, battery pack
• H: Indicators, lamps (not for illumination), signalling devices
• K: Relays, contactors
• L: Inductors and filters
• M: Motors
• N: Analogue devices
• P: Measuring/test equipment
• Q: Circuit breakers, isolators, re-closers
• R: Resistors, brake resistors
• S: Switches, push buttons, emergency stops and limit switches
• T: Transformers
• U: Power converters, variable speed drives, soft starters, DC power supplies
• V: Semiconductors
• W: Wires, conductors, power, neutral and earthing busses
• X: Terminal strips, terminations, joins
• Y: Solenoids, electrical actuators
• Z: Filters
Detailed rules for reference designations are provided in the International standard IEC 61346 .
• A: Assemblies
• B: Transducers (photo cells, inductive proximity, thermocouple, flame detection)
• C: Capacitors
• D: Storage devices
• E: Miscellaneous
• F: Fuses
• G: Generator, battery pack
• H: Indicators, lamps (not for illumination), signalling devices
• K: Relays, contactors
• L: Inductors and filters
• M: Motors
• N: Analogue devices
• P: Measuring/test equipment
• Q: Circuit breakers, isolators, re-closers
• R: Resistors, brake resistors
• S: Switches, push buttons, emergency stops and limit switches
• T: Transformers
• U: Power converters, variable speed drives, soft starters, DC power supplies
• V: Semiconductors
• W: Wires, conductors, power, neutral and earthing busses
• X: Terminal strips, terminations, joins
• Y: Solenoids, electrical actuators
• Z: Filters
Detailed rules for reference designations are provided in the International standard IEC 61346 .
Typical Circuit diagram electronicsjalil
The circuit diagram for a 4 bit TTL counter, a type of state machine
A circuit diagram (also known as an electrical diagram, wiring diagram, elementary diagram, or electronic schematic) is a simplified conventional pictorial representation of an electrical circuit. It shows the components of the circuit as simplified standard symbols, and the power and signal connections between the devices. Arrangement of the components interconnections on the diagram does not correspond to their physical locations in the finished device.
Unlike a block diagram or layout diagram, a circuit diagram shows the actual wire connections being used. The diagram does not show the physical arrangement of components. A drawing meant to depict what the physical arrangement of the wires and the components they connect is called "artwork" or "layout" or the "physical design."
Circuit diagrams are used for the design (circuit design), construction (such as PCB layout), and maintenance of electrical and electronic equipment.
Legends
Common circuit diagram symbols (with US Resistor Symbol)
On a circuit diagram, the symbols for components are labelled with a descriptor (or reference designator) matching that on the list of parts. For example, C1 is the first capacitor, L1 is the first inductor, Q1 is the first transistor, and R1 is the first resistor(note that this is not written as a subscript, as in R1, L1,…). The letters that precede the numbers were chosen in the early days of the electrical industry, even before the vacuum tube (thermionic valve), so "Q" was the only one available for semiconductor devices in the mid-twentieth century[Often the value or type designation of the component is given on the diagram beside the part, but detailed specifications would go on the parts list.
Symbols
See also: Electronic symbols
Circuit diagram symbols have differed from country to country and have changed over time, but are now to a large extent internationally standardized. Simple components often had symbols intended to represent some feature of the physical construction of the device. For example, the symbol for a resistor shown here dates back to the days when that component was made from a long piece of wire wrapped in such a manner as to not produce inductance, which would have made it a coil. These wirewound resistors are now used only in high-power applications, smaller resistors being cast from carbon composition (a mixture of carbon and filler) or fabricated as an insulating tube or chip coated with a metal film. The internationally standardized symbol for a resistor is therefore now simplified to an oblong, sometimes with the value in ohms written inside, instead of the zig-zag symbol. A less common symbol is simply a series of peaks on one side of the line representing the conductor, rather than back-and-forth as shown here.
Standards
There are several national and international standards for graphical symbols in circuit diagrams, in particular:
• IEC 60617 (also known as British Standard BS 3939)
• ANSI standard Y32 (also known as IEEE Std 315)
IEC 60617 originally consisted of 13 parts, from resistors and capacitors to logic symbols and even a generalised drawing standard of connections and bus line widths. It is now published as a subscription online database IEC 60617-DB.
Different symbols may be used depending on the discipline using the drawing; for example, lighting and power symbols used as part of architectural drawings may be different from symbols for devices used in electronics.
Linkages
Schematic wire junctions:
1. Old style: (a) connection, (b) no connection.
2. One CAD style: (a) connection, (b) no connection.
3. Alternative CAD Style: (a) connection, (b) no connection.
The linkages between leads were once simple crossings of lines; one wire insulated from and "jumping over" another was indicated by it making a little semicircle over the other line. With the arrival of computerized drafting, a connection of two intersecting wires was shown by a crossing with a dot or "blob", and a crossover of insulated wires by a simple crossing without a dot. However, there was a danger of confusing these two representations if the dot was drawn too small or omitted. Modern practice is to avoid using the "crossover with dot" symbol, and to draw the wires meeting at two points instead of one. It is also common to use a hybrid style, showing connections as a cross with a dot while insulated crossings use the semicircle.
A circuit diagram (also known as an electrical diagram, wiring diagram, elementary diagram, or electronic schematic) is a simplified conventional pictorial representation of an electrical circuit. It shows the components of the circuit as simplified standard symbols, and the power and signal connections between the devices. Arrangement of the components interconnections on the diagram does not correspond to their physical locations in the finished device.
Unlike a block diagram or layout diagram, a circuit diagram shows the actual wire connections being used. The diagram does not show the physical arrangement of components. A drawing meant to depict what the physical arrangement of the wires and the components they connect is called "artwork" or "layout" or the "physical design."
Circuit diagrams are used for the design (circuit design), construction (such as PCB layout), and maintenance of electrical and electronic equipment.
Legends
Common circuit diagram symbols (with US Resistor Symbol)
On a circuit diagram, the symbols for components are labelled with a descriptor (or reference designator) matching that on the list of parts. For example, C1 is the first capacitor, L1 is the first inductor, Q1 is the first transistor, and R1 is the first resistor(note that this is not written as a subscript, as in R1, L1,…). The letters that precede the numbers were chosen in the early days of the electrical industry, even before the vacuum tube (thermionic valve), so "Q" was the only one available for semiconductor devices in the mid-twentieth century[Often the value or type designation of the component is given on the diagram beside the part, but detailed specifications would go on the parts list.
Symbols
See also: Electronic symbols
Circuit diagram symbols have differed from country to country and have changed over time, but are now to a large extent internationally standardized. Simple components often had symbols intended to represent some feature of the physical construction of the device. For example, the symbol for a resistor shown here dates back to the days when that component was made from a long piece of wire wrapped in such a manner as to not produce inductance, which would have made it a coil. These wirewound resistors are now used only in high-power applications, smaller resistors being cast from carbon composition (a mixture of carbon and filler) or fabricated as an insulating tube or chip coated with a metal film. The internationally standardized symbol for a resistor is therefore now simplified to an oblong, sometimes with the value in ohms written inside, instead of the zig-zag symbol. A less common symbol is simply a series of peaks on one side of the line representing the conductor, rather than back-and-forth as shown here.
Standards
There are several national and international standards for graphical symbols in circuit diagrams, in particular:
• IEC 60617 (also known as British Standard BS 3939)
• ANSI standard Y32 (also known as IEEE Std 315)
IEC 60617 originally consisted of 13 parts, from resistors and capacitors to logic symbols and even a generalised drawing standard of connections and bus line widths. It is now published as a subscription online database IEC 60617-DB.
Different symbols may be used depending on the discipline using the drawing; for example, lighting and power symbols used as part of architectural drawings may be different from symbols for devices used in electronics.
Linkages
Schematic wire junctions:
1. Old style: (a) connection, (b) no connection.
2. One CAD style: (a) connection, (b) no connection.
3. Alternative CAD Style: (a) connection, (b) no connection.
The linkages between leads were once simple crossings of lines; one wire insulated from and "jumping over" another was indicated by it making a little semicircle over the other line. With the arrival of computerized drafting, a connection of two intersecting wires was shown by a crossing with a dot or "blob", and a crossover of insulated wires by a simple crossing without a dot. However, there was a danger of confusing these two representations if the dot was drawn too small or omitted. Modern practice is to avoid using the "crossover with dot" symbol, and to draw the wires meeting at two points instead of one. It is also common to use a hybrid style, showing connections as a cross with a dot while insulated crossings use the semicircle.
Computer engineering electronicsjalil
Computer Engineering (also called Electronic and Computer Engineering or Computer Systems Engineering) is a discipline that combines elements of both Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Computer engineers usually have training in electrical engineering, software design and hardware-software integration instead of only software engineering or electrical engineering. Computer engineers are involved in many aspects of computing, from the design of individual microprocessors, personal computers, and supercomputers, to circuit design. This engineering monitors the many subsystems in motor vehicles
Usual tasks involving computer engineers include writing software and firmware for embedded microcontrollers, designing VLSI chips, designing analog sensors, designing mixed signal circuit boards, and designing operating systems.[ Computer engineers are also suited for robotics research, which relies heavily on using digital systems to control and monitor electrical systems like motors, communications, and sensors.
Computer engineering as an academic discipline
The first accredited computer engineering degree program in the United States was established at Case Western Reserve University in 1971; as of October 2004 there were 170 ABET-accredited computer engineering programs in the US.
Due to increasing job requirements for engineers, who can design and manage all forms of computer systems used in industry, some tertiary institutions around the world offer a bachelor's degree generally called computer engineering. Both computer engineering and electronic engineering programs include analog and digital circuit design in their curricula. As with most engineering disciplines, having a sound knowledge of mathematics and sciences is necessary for computer engineers.
In many institutions, computer engineering students are allowed to choose areas of in-depth study in their junior and senior year, as the full breadth of knowledge used in the design and application of computers is well beyond the scope of an undergraduate degree. The joint IEEE/ACM Curriculum Guidelines for Undergraduate Degree Programs in Computer Engineering defines the core knowledge areas of computer engineering as
• Algorithms
• Computer architecture and organization
• Computer systems engineering
• Circuits and signals
• Database systems
• Digital logic
• Digital signal processing
• Electronics
• Embedded systems
• Human-computer interaction
• Interactive Systems Engineering
• Operating systems
• Programming fundamentals
• Social and Professional issues
• Software engineering
• VLSI design and fabrication
The breadth of disciplines studied in computer engineering is not limited to the above
Usual tasks involving computer engineers include writing software and firmware for embedded microcontrollers, designing VLSI chips, designing analog sensors, designing mixed signal circuit boards, and designing operating systems.[ Computer engineers are also suited for robotics research, which relies heavily on using digital systems to control and monitor electrical systems like motors, communications, and sensors.
Computer engineering as an academic discipline
The first accredited computer engineering degree program in the United States was established at Case Western Reserve University in 1971; as of October 2004 there were 170 ABET-accredited computer engineering programs in the US.
Due to increasing job requirements for engineers, who can design and manage all forms of computer systems used in industry, some tertiary institutions around the world offer a bachelor's degree generally called computer engineering. Both computer engineering and electronic engineering programs include analog and digital circuit design in their curricula. As with most engineering disciplines, having a sound knowledge of mathematics and sciences is necessary for computer engineers.
In many institutions, computer engineering students are allowed to choose areas of in-depth study in their junior and senior year, as the full breadth of knowledge used in the design and application of computers is well beyond the scope of an undergraduate degree. The joint IEEE/ACM Curriculum Guidelines for Undergraduate Degree Programs in Computer Engineering defines the core knowledge areas of computer engineering as
• Algorithms
• Computer architecture and organization
• Computer systems engineering
• Circuits and signals
• Database systems
• Digital logic
• Digital signal processing
• Electronics
• Embedded systems
• Human-computer interaction
• Interactive Systems Engineering
• Operating systems
• Programming fundamentals
• Social and Professional issues
• Software engineering
• VLSI design and fabrication
The breadth of disciplines studied in computer engineering is not limited to the above
Datasheet Definition
A datasheet is a document summarizing the performance and other characteristics of a component (e.g. an electronic component), a sub-system (e.g. a power supply) or software in sufficient detail to be used by a design engineer to design the component into a system. Typically a datasheet is created by system manufacturer and begins with an introductory page describing the rest of the document, followed by listings of specific components, with further information on the connectivity of the devices. In cases where there is relevant source code to include, it is usually attached near the end of the document or separated into another file.
Typical datasheet information
A typical datasheet for an electronic component contains most of the following information:
• manufacturer's name
• product number and name
• a list of available package formats (with images) and ordering codes
• notable device properties
• a short functional description
• pin connection diagram
• absolute minimum, maximum ratings (supply voltage, power consumption, input currents, temperatures for storage, operating, soldering, etc)
• recommended operating conditions (as absolute minimum, maximum ratings)
• a table of DC specifications (various temperatures, supply voltages, input currents etc)
• a table of AC specifications (various temperatures, supply voltages, frequencies etc)
• an input/output wave shape diagram
• physical device diagram showing minimum/typical/maximum physical dimensions, including contact locations and sizes
• test circuit
• ordering codes for differing packages and performance criteria
• liability disclaimer regarding device use in high risk environments such as nuclear power stations and life-critical systems
• application recommendations, such as required filter capacitors, circuit board layout, etc.
• Date and Revision Code at the end of the pages
• Errata Datasheet (Some manufactures use errata-datasheet before write a revision)
The datasheet sometimes contains circuit diagrams of typical use, however this information is often placed in a separate application note, with a high level of detail.
Historically, datasheets were typically available in a databook containing many data sheets, usually grouped by manufacturer or general type. Today, they are also available from the Internet in table form or downloadable PDF format.
Application notes
An application note is a document that gives more specific details on using a component in a specific application, or relating to a particular process, e.g. the physical assembly of a product containing the component. Application notes are especially useful for giving guidance on more unusual uses of a particular component, which would be irrelevant to many readers of the more widely read datasheet.
Application notes can either be appended to a datasheet, or presented as a separate document.
Typical details in PC datasheet
Following are details commonly listed on personal computer datasheets:
• Expansion bays
o 5.25 inch bays
o 3.5 inch bays
• Mainboard
o CPU socket
Front side bus (FSB)
Back side bus (BSB)
o Chipset
North bridge
South bridge
o Fans and temperature monitoring
o BIOS
o Form factor
• Graphics card
o AGP type
o Memory
• Audio card
Typical datasheet information
A typical datasheet for an electronic component contains most of the following information:
• manufacturer's name
• product number and name
• a list of available package formats (with images) and ordering codes
• notable device properties
• a short functional description
• pin connection diagram
• absolute minimum, maximum ratings (supply voltage, power consumption, input currents, temperatures for storage, operating, soldering, etc)
• recommended operating conditions (as absolute minimum, maximum ratings)
• a table of DC specifications (various temperatures, supply voltages, input currents etc)
• a table of AC specifications (various temperatures, supply voltages, frequencies etc)
• an input/output wave shape diagram
• physical device diagram showing minimum/typical/maximum physical dimensions, including contact locations and sizes
• test circuit
• ordering codes for differing packages and performance criteria
• liability disclaimer regarding device use in high risk environments such as nuclear power stations and life-critical systems
• application recommendations, such as required filter capacitors, circuit board layout, etc.
• Date and Revision Code at the end of the pages
• Errata Datasheet (Some manufactures use errata-datasheet before write a revision)
The datasheet sometimes contains circuit diagrams of typical use, however this information is often placed in a separate application note, with a high level of detail.
Historically, datasheets were typically available in a databook containing many data sheets, usually grouped by manufacturer or general type. Today, they are also available from the Internet in table form or downloadable PDF format.
Application notes
An application note is a document that gives more specific details on using a component in a specific application, or relating to a particular process, e.g. the physical assembly of a product containing the component. Application notes are especially useful for giving guidance on more unusual uses of a particular component, which would be irrelevant to many readers of the more widely read datasheet.
Application notes can either be appended to a datasheet, or presented as a separate document.
Typical details in PC datasheet
Following are details commonly listed on personal computer datasheets:
• Expansion bays
o 5.25 inch bays
o 3.5 inch bays
• Mainboard
o CPU socket
Front side bus (FSB)
Back side bus (BSB)
o Chipset
North bridge
South bridge
o Fans and temperature monitoring
o BIOS
o Form factor
• Graphics card
o AGP type
o Memory
• Audio card
What are the Frequency domain ?
Main article: Frequency domain
Signals are converted from time or space domain to the frequency domain usually through the Fourier transform. The Fourier transform converts the signal information to a magnitude and phase component of each frequency. Often the Fourier transform is converted to the power spectrum, which is the magnitude of each frequency component squared.
The most common purpose for analysis of signals in the frequency domain is analysis of signal properties. The engineer can study the spectrum to determine which frequencies are present in the input signal and which are missing.
Filtering, particularly in non realtime work can also be achieved by converting to the frequency domain, applying the filter and then converting back to the time domain. This is a fast, O(n log n) operation, and can give essentially any filter shape including excellent approximations to brickwall filters.
There are some commonly used frequency domain transformations. For example, the cepstrum converts a signal to the frequency domain through Fourier transform, takes the logarithm, then applies another Fourier transform. This emphasizes the frequency components with smaller magnitude while retaining the order of magnitudes of frequency components.
Frequency domain analysis is also called spectrum- or spectral analysis.
Applications
The main applications of DSP are audio signal processing, audio compression, digital image processing, video compression, speech processing, speech recognition, digital communications, RADAR, SONAR, seismology, and biomedicine. Specific examples are speech compression and transmission in digital mobile phones, room matching equalization of sound in Hifi and sound reinforcement applications, weather forecasting, economic forecasting, seismic data processing, analysis and control of industrial processes, computer-generated animations in movies, medical imaging such as CAT scans and MRI, MP3 compression, image manipulation, high fidelity loudspeaker crossovers and equalization, and audio effects for use with electric guitar amplifiers.
Implementation
Digital signal processing is often implemented using specialised microprocessors such as the DSP56000, the TMS320, or the SHARC. These often process data using fixed-point arithmetic, although some versions are available which use floating point arithmetic and are more powerful. For faster applications FPGAsmight be used. Beginning in 2007, multicore implementations of DSPs have started to emerge from companies including Freescale and startup Stream Processors, Inc. For faster applications with vast usage, ASICs might be designed specifically. For slow applications, a traditional slower processor such as a microcontroller may be adequate.
Techniques
• Bilinear transform
• Discrete Fourier transform
• Discrete-time Fourier transform
• Filter design
• LTI system theory
• Minimum phase
• Transfer function
• Z-transform
• Goertzel algorithm
Related fields
• Analog signal processing
• Automatic control
• Data compression
• Electrical engineering
• Information theory
• Telecommunication
Signals are converted from time or space domain to the frequency domain usually through the Fourier transform. The Fourier transform converts the signal information to a magnitude and phase component of each frequency. Often the Fourier transform is converted to the power spectrum, which is the magnitude of each frequency component squared.
The most common purpose for analysis of signals in the frequency domain is analysis of signal properties. The engineer can study the spectrum to determine which frequencies are present in the input signal and which are missing.
Filtering, particularly in non realtime work can also be achieved by converting to the frequency domain, applying the filter and then converting back to the time domain. This is a fast, O(n log n) operation, and can give essentially any filter shape including excellent approximations to brickwall filters.
There are some commonly used frequency domain transformations. For example, the cepstrum converts a signal to the frequency domain through Fourier transform, takes the logarithm, then applies another Fourier transform. This emphasizes the frequency components with smaller magnitude while retaining the order of magnitudes of frequency components.
Frequency domain analysis is also called spectrum- or spectral analysis.
Applications
The main applications of DSP are audio signal processing, audio compression, digital image processing, video compression, speech processing, speech recognition, digital communications, RADAR, SONAR, seismology, and biomedicine. Specific examples are speech compression and transmission in digital mobile phones, room matching equalization of sound in Hifi and sound reinforcement applications, weather forecasting, economic forecasting, seismic data processing, analysis and control of industrial processes, computer-generated animations in movies, medical imaging such as CAT scans and MRI, MP3 compression, image manipulation, high fidelity loudspeaker crossovers and equalization, and audio effects for use with electric guitar amplifiers.
Implementation
Digital signal processing is often implemented using specialised microprocessors such as the DSP56000, the TMS320, or the SHARC. These often process data using fixed-point arithmetic, although some versions are available which use floating point arithmetic and are more powerful. For faster applications FPGAsmight be used. Beginning in 2007, multicore implementations of DSPs have started to emerge from companies including Freescale and startup Stream Processors, Inc. For faster applications with vast usage, ASICs might be designed specifically. For slow applications, a traditional slower processor such as a microcontroller may be adequate.
Techniques
• Bilinear transform
• Discrete Fourier transform
• Discrete-time Fourier transform
• Filter design
• LTI system theory
• Minimum phase
• Transfer function
• Z-transform
• Goertzel algorithm
Related fields
• Analog signal processing
• Automatic control
• Data compression
• Electrical engineering
• Information theory
• Telecommunication
What are the Time and space domains?
Main article: Time domain
The most common processing approach in the time or space domain is enhancement of the input signal through a method called filtering. Filtering generally consists of some transformation of a number of surrounding samples around the current sample of the input or output signal. There are various ways to characterize filters; for example:
• A "linear" filter is a of input samples; other filters are "non-linear." Linear filters satisfy the superposition condition, i.e. if an input is a weighted linear combination of different signals, the output is an equally weighted linear combination of the corresponding output signals.
• A "causal" filter uses only previous samples of the input or output signals; while a "non-causal" filter uses future input samples. A non-causal filter can usually be changed into a causal filter by adding a delay to it.
• A "time-invariant" filter has constant properties over time; other filters such as adaptive filters change in time.
• Some filters are "stable", others are "unstable". A stable filter produces an output that converges to a constant value with time, or remains bounded within a finite interval. An unstable filter can produce an output that grows without bounds, with bounded or even zero input.
• A "finite impulse response" (FIR) filter uses only the input signal, while an "infinite impulse response" filter uses both the input signal and previous samples of the output signal. FIR filters are always stable, while IIR filters may be unstable.
Most filters can be described in Z-domain (a superset of the frequency domain) by their transfer functions. A filter may also be described as a difference equation, a collection of zeroes and poles or, if it is an FIR filter, an impulse response or step response. The output of an FIR filter to any given input may be calculated by convolving the input signal with the impulse response. Filters can also be represented by block diagrams which can then be used to derive a sample processing algorithm to implement the filter using hardware instructions.
The most common processing approach in the time or space domain is enhancement of the input signal through a method called filtering. Filtering generally consists of some transformation of a number of surrounding samples around the current sample of the input or output signal. There are various ways to characterize filters; for example:
• A "linear" filter is a of input samples; other filters are "non-linear." Linear filters satisfy the superposition condition, i.e. if an input is a weighted linear combination of different signals, the output is an equally weighted linear combination of the corresponding output signals.
• A "causal" filter uses only previous samples of the input or output signals; while a "non-causal" filter uses future input samples. A non-causal filter can usually be changed into a causal filter by adding a delay to it.
• A "time-invariant" filter has constant properties over time; other filters such as adaptive filters change in time.
• Some filters are "stable", others are "unstable". A stable filter produces an output that converges to a constant value with time, or remains bounded within a finite interval. An unstable filter can produce an output that grows without bounds, with bounded or even zero input.
• A "finite impulse response" (FIR) filter uses only the input signal, while an "infinite impulse response" filter uses both the input signal and previous samples of the output signal. FIR filters are always stable, while IIR filters may be unstable.
Most filters can be described in Z-domain (a superset of the frequency domain) by their transfer functions. A filter may also be described as a difference equation, a collection of zeroes and poles or, if it is an FIR filter, an impulse response or step response. The output of an FIR filter to any given input may be calculated by convolving the input signal with the impulse response. Filters can also be represented by block diagrams which can then be used to derive a sample processing algorithm to implement the filter using hardware instructions.
Article about Signal sampling
Main article: Sampling (signal processing)
With the increasing use of computers the usage of and need for digital signal processing has increased. In order to use an analog signal on a computer it must be digitized with an analog to digital converter (ADC). Sampling is usually carried out in two stages, discretization and quantization. In the discretization stage, the space of signals is partitioned into equivalence classes and quantization is carried out by replacing the signal with representative signal of the corresponding equivalence class. In the quantization stage the representative signal values are approximated by values from a finite set.
The Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem states that a signal can be exactly reconstructed from its samples if the sampling frequency is greater than twice the highest frequency of the signal. In practice, the sampling frequency is often significantly more than twice the required bandwidth.
A digital to analog converter (DAC) is used to convert the digital signal back to analog. The use of a digital computer is a key ingredient in digital control systems.
With the increasing use of computers the usage of and need for digital signal processing has increased. In order to use an analog signal on a computer it must be digitized with an analog to digital converter (ADC). Sampling is usually carried out in two stages, discretization and quantization. In the discretization stage, the space of signals is partitioned into equivalence classes and quantization is carried out by replacing the signal with representative signal of the corresponding equivalence class. In the quantization stage the representative signal values are approximated by values from a finite set.
The Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem states that a signal can be exactly reconstructed from its samples if the sampling frequency is greater than twice the highest frequency of the signal. In practice, the sampling frequency is often significantly more than twice the required bandwidth.
A digital to analog converter (DAC) is used to convert the digital signal back to analog. The use of a digital computer is a key ingredient in digital control systems.
What are the DSP domains ?
In DSP, engineers usually study digital signals in one of the following domains: time domain (one-dimensional signals), spatial domain (multidimensional signals), frequency domain, autocorrelation domain, and wavelet domains. They choose the domain in which to process a signal by making an informed guess (or by trying different possibilities) as to which domain best represents the essential characteristics of the signal. A sequence of samples from a measuring device produces a time or spatial domain representation, whereas a discrete Fourier transform produces the frequency domain information, that is the frequency spectrum. Autocorrelation is defined as the cross-correlation of the signal with itself over varying intervals of time or space.qq
How is Digital signal processing
Digital signal processing (DSP) is concerned with the representation of the signals by a sequence of numbers or symbols and the processing of these signals. Digital signal processing and analog signal processing are subfields of signal processing. DSP includes subfields like: audio and speech signal processing, sonar and radar signal processing, sensor array processing, spectral estimation, statistical signal processing, digital image processing, signal processing for communications, biomedical signal processing, seismic data processing, etc.
Since the goal of DSP is usually to measure or filter continuous real-world analog signals, the first step is usually to convert the signal from an analog to a digital form, by using Often, the required output signal is another analog output signal, which requires a Even if this process is more complex than analog processing and has a discrete value range, the stability of digital signal processing thanks to and being less vulnerable to noise makes it advantageous over analog signal processing for many, though not all, applications.
DSP algorithms have long been run on standard computers, on specialized processors called digital signal processors (DSPs), or on purpose-built hardware such as application-specific integrated circuit(ASICs). Today there are additional technologies used for digital signal processing including more powerful general purpose microprocessors, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), (mostly for industrial apps such as motor control), and stream processors, among others
Since the goal of DSP is usually to measure or filter continuous real-world analog signals, the first step is usually to convert the signal from an analog to a digital form, by using Often, the required output signal is another analog output signal, which requires a Even if this process is more complex than analog processing and has a discrete value range, the stability of digital signal processing thanks to and being less vulnerable to noise makes it advantageous over analog signal processing for many, though not all, applications.
DSP algorithms have long been run on standard computers, on specialized processors called digital signal processors (DSPs), or on purpose-built hardware such as application-specific integrated circuit(ASICs). Today there are additional technologies used for digital signal processing including more powerful general purpose microprocessors, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), (mostly for industrial apps such as motor control), and stream processors, among others
Some information about Electronic waste
Defective and obsolete electronic equipment.
Electronic waste, e-waste, e-scrap, or Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) is a loose category of surplus, obsolete, broken, or discarded electrical or electronic devices. The processing of electronic waste in developing countries causes serious health and pollution problems due to lack of containment, as do unprotected landfilling (due to leaching) and incineration. The Basel Convention and regulation by the European Union and individual United States aim to reduce these problems. Reuse and computer recycling are promoted as alternatives to disposal as trash.
Definition
"Electronic waste" may be defined as all secondary computers, entertainment device electronics, mobile phones, and other items such as TVs and refrigerators, whether sold, donated, or discarded by their original owners. This definition includes used electronics which are destined for reuse, resale, salvage, recycling, or disposal. Others define the reusables (working and repairable electronics) and secondary scrap (copper, steel, plastic, etc.) to be "commodities", and reserve the term "waste" for residue or material which was represented as working or repairable but which is dumped or disposed or discarded by the buyer rather than recycled, including residue from reuse and recycling operations. Because loads of surplus electronics are frequently commingled (good, recyclable, and nonrecyclable), several public policy advocates apply the term "e-waste" broadly to all surplus electronics. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) refers to obsolete computers under the term "hazardous household waste"
Debate continues over the distinction between "commodity" and "waste" electronics definitions. Some exporters may deliberately leave difficult-to-spot obsolete or non-working equipment mixed in loads of working equipment (through ignorance, or to avoid more costly treatment processes). Protectionists may broaden the definition of "waste" electronics. The high value of the computer recycling subset of electronic waste (working and reusable laptops, computers, and components like RAM) can help pay the cost of transportation for a large number of worthless "commodities".
Problems
Rapid technology change, low initial cost, and even planned obsolescence have resulted in a fast-growing surplus of electronic waste around the globe. Dave Kruch, CEO of Cash For Laptops, regards electronic waste as a "rapidly expanding" issue. Technical solutions are available, but in most cases a legal framework, a collection system, logistics, and other services need to be implemented before a technical solution can be applied.
In the United States, an estimated 70% of heavy metals in landfills comes from discarded electronics, while electronic waste represents only 2% of America's trash in landfills. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) states that unwanted electronics totaled 2 million tons in 2005. Discarded electronics represented 5 to 6 times as much weight as recycled electronics. The Consumer Electronics Association says that U.S. households spend an average of $1,400 annually on an average of 24 electronic items, leading to speculations of millions of tons of valuable metals sitting in desk drawers. The U.S. National Safety Council estimates that 75% of all personal computers ever sold are now gathering dust as surplus electronics. While some recycle, 7% of cellphone owners still throw away their old cellphones.
Surplus electronics have extremely high cost differentials. A single repairable laptop can be worth hundreds of dollars, while an imploded cathode ray tube(CRT) is extremely difficult and expensive to recycle. This has created a difficult free-market economy. Large quantities of used electronics are typically sold to countries with very high repair capability and high raw material demand, which can result in high accumulations of residue in poor areas without strong environmental laws. Trade in electronic waste is controlled by the Basel Convention. However, the Basel Convention specifically exempts repair and refurbishment of used electronics in Annex IX.
Electronic waste is of concern largely due to the toxicity and carcinogenicity of some of its substances, if processed improperly. Toxic substances in electronic waste may include lead, mercury, and cadmium. Carcinogenic substances in electronic waste may include polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Capacitors, transformers, and wires insulated with or components coated with polyvinyl chloride (PVC), manufactured before 1977, often contain dangerous amounts of PCBs.
Up to 38 separate chemical elements are incorporated into electronic waste items. Many of the plastics used in electronic equipment contain flame retardants. These are generally halogens added to the plastic resin, making the plastics difficult to recycle. The unsustainability of discarding electronics and computer technology is another reason commending the need to recycle or to reuse electronic waste.
When materials cannot or will not be reused, conventional recycling or disposal via landfill often follow. Standards for both approaches vary widely by jurisdiction, whether in developed or developing countries. The complexity of the various items to be disposed of, the cost of environmentally approved recycling systems, and the need for concerned and concerted action to collect and systematically process equipment are challenges. One study indicates that two thirds of executives are unaware of fines related to environmental regulations
Electronic waste, e-waste, e-scrap, or Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) is a loose category of surplus, obsolete, broken, or discarded electrical or electronic devices. The processing of electronic waste in developing countries causes serious health and pollution problems due to lack of containment, as do unprotected landfilling (due to leaching) and incineration. The Basel Convention and regulation by the European Union and individual United States aim to reduce these problems. Reuse and computer recycling are promoted as alternatives to disposal as trash.
Definition
"Electronic waste" may be defined as all secondary computers, entertainment device electronics, mobile phones, and other items such as TVs and refrigerators, whether sold, donated, or discarded by their original owners. This definition includes used electronics which are destined for reuse, resale, salvage, recycling, or disposal. Others define the reusables (working and repairable electronics) and secondary scrap (copper, steel, plastic, etc.) to be "commodities", and reserve the term "waste" for residue or material which was represented as working or repairable but which is dumped or disposed or discarded by the buyer rather than recycled, including residue from reuse and recycling operations. Because loads of surplus electronics are frequently commingled (good, recyclable, and nonrecyclable), several public policy advocates apply the term "e-waste" broadly to all surplus electronics. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) refers to obsolete computers under the term "hazardous household waste"
Debate continues over the distinction between "commodity" and "waste" electronics definitions. Some exporters may deliberately leave difficult-to-spot obsolete or non-working equipment mixed in loads of working equipment (through ignorance, or to avoid more costly treatment processes). Protectionists may broaden the definition of "waste" electronics. The high value of the computer recycling subset of electronic waste (working and reusable laptops, computers, and components like RAM) can help pay the cost of transportation for a large number of worthless "commodities".
Problems
Rapid technology change, low initial cost, and even planned obsolescence have resulted in a fast-growing surplus of electronic waste around the globe. Dave Kruch, CEO of Cash For Laptops, regards electronic waste as a "rapidly expanding" issue. Technical solutions are available, but in most cases a legal framework, a collection system, logistics, and other services need to be implemented before a technical solution can be applied.
In the United States, an estimated 70% of heavy metals in landfills comes from discarded electronics, while electronic waste represents only 2% of America's trash in landfills. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) states that unwanted electronics totaled 2 million tons in 2005. Discarded electronics represented 5 to 6 times as much weight as recycled electronics. The Consumer Electronics Association says that U.S. households spend an average of $1,400 annually on an average of 24 electronic items, leading to speculations of millions of tons of valuable metals sitting in desk drawers. The U.S. National Safety Council estimates that 75% of all personal computers ever sold are now gathering dust as surplus electronics. While some recycle, 7% of cellphone owners still throw away their old cellphones.
Surplus electronics have extremely high cost differentials. A single repairable laptop can be worth hundreds of dollars, while an imploded cathode ray tube(CRT) is extremely difficult and expensive to recycle. This has created a difficult free-market economy. Large quantities of used electronics are typically sold to countries with very high repair capability and high raw material demand, which can result in high accumulations of residue in poor areas without strong environmental laws. Trade in electronic waste is controlled by the Basel Convention. However, the Basel Convention specifically exempts repair and refurbishment of used electronics in Annex IX.
Electronic waste is of concern largely due to the toxicity and carcinogenicity of some of its substances, if processed improperly. Toxic substances in electronic waste may include lead, mercury, and cadmium. Carcinogenic substances in electronic waste may include polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Capacitors, transformers, and wires insulated with or components coated with polyvinyl chloride (PVC), manufactured before 1977, often contain dangerous amounts of PCBs.
Up to 38 separate chemical elements are incorporated into electronic waste items. Many of the plastics used in electronic equipment contain flame retardants. These are generally halogens added to the plastic resin, making the plastics difficult to recycle. The unsustainability of discarding electronics and computer technology is another reason commending the need to recycle or to reuse electronic waste.
When materials cannot or will not be reused, conventional recycling or disposal via landfill often follow. Standards for both approaches vary widely by jurisdiction, whether in developed or developing countries. The complexity of the various items to be disposed of, the cost of environmentally approved recycling systems, and the need for concerned and concerted action to collect and systematically process equipment are challenges. One study indicates that two thirds of executives are unaware of fines related to environmental regulations
Regarding Electrical engineering
Electrical Engineers design complex power systems...
... and electronic circuits.
Electrical engineering, sometimes referred to as electrical and electronic engineering, is a field of engineering that deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics and electromagnetism. The field first became an identifiable occupation in the late nineteenth century after commercialization of the electric telegraph and electrical power supply. It now covers a range of subtopics including power, electronics, control systems, signal processing and telecommunications.
Electrical engineering may or may not include electronic engineering. Where a distinction is made, usually outside of the United States, electrical engineering is considered to deal with the problems associated with large-scale electrical systems such as power transmission and motor control, whereas electronic engineering deals with the study of small-scale electronic systems including computers and integrated circuits. Alternatively, electrical engineers are usually concerned with using electricity to transmit energy, while electronic engineers are concerned with using electricity to transmit information.
... and electronic circuits.
Electrical engineering, sometimes referred to as electrical and electronic engineering, is a field of engineering that deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics and electromagnetism. The field first became an identifiable occupation in the late nineteenth century after commercialization of the electric telegraph and electrical power supply. It now covers a range of subtopics including power, electronics, control systems, signal processing and telecommunications.
Electrical engineering may or may not include electronic engineering. Where a distinction is made, usually outside of the United States, electrical engineering is considered to deal with the problems associated with large-scale electrical systems such as power transmission and motor control, whereas electronic engineering deals with the study of small-scale electronic systems including computers and integrated circuits. Alternatively, electrical engineers are usually concerned with using electricity to transmit energy, while electronic engineers are concerned with using electricity to transmit information.
Definition and type of Electronic circuit
A simple amplifier circuit diagram.
A physical circuit
An Electronic circuit is a closed path formed by the interconnection of electronic components through which an electric current can flow. The electronic circuits may be physically constructed using any number of methods. Breadboards, perfboards or stripboards are common for testing new designs. Mass-produced circuits are typically built using a printed circuit board (PCB) that is used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components.
Electronic circuits can display highly complex behaviors, even though they are governed by the same laws of physics as simpler circuits.
Electronic circuits can usually be categorized as analog, discrete, or mixed-signal (a combination of analog and discrete) electronic circuits.
Analog circuits
Analog electronic circuits are those in which signals may vary continuously with time to correspond to the information being represented. Electronic equipment like voltage amplifiers, power amplifiers, tuning circuits, radios, and televisions are largely analog (with the exception of their control sections, which may be digital, especially in modern units).
The basic units of analog circuits are passive (resistors, capacitors, inductors, and recently memristors) and active (independent power sources and dependent power sources). Components such as transistors may be represented by a model containing passive components and dependent sources. Another classification is to take impedance and independent sources and operational amplifier as basic electronic components; this allows us to model frequency dependent negative resistors, gyrators, negative impedance converters, and dependent sources as secondary electronic components. There are two main types of circuits: series and parallel. A string of Christmas lights is a good example of a series circuit: if one goes out, they all do. In a parallel circuit, each bulb is connected to the power source separately, so if one goes out the rest still remain shining.
Discrete circuits
In digital electronic circuits, electric signals take on discrete values, which are not dependent upon time, to represent logical and numeric values. These values represent the information that is being processed. The transistor is one of the primary components used in discrete circuits, and combinations of these can be used to create logic gates. These logic gates may then be used in combination to create a desired output from an input.
Larger circuits may contain several complex components, such as FPGAsor Microprocessors. These along with several other components may be interconnected to create a large circuit that operates on large amount of data.
Examples of electronic equipment which use digital circuits include digital wristwatches, calculators, PDAs, and microprocessors.
Mixed-signal circuits
Mixed-signal or hybrid circuits contain elements of both analog and digital circuits. Examples include comparators, timers, PLLs, ADCs (analog-to-digital converters), and DACs (digital-to-analog converters).
Three Basic Parts of circuits
Energy source - converts nonelectric energy into energy. Examples are batteries and generators.
Output device - uses electric energy to do work. Examples are motor, lamp, or display.
Connection - allows electric current to flow. Examples are wire and cable.
A physical circuit
An Electronic circuit is a closed path formed by the interconnection of electronic components through which an electric current can flow. The electronic circuits may be physically constructed using any number of methods. Breadboards, perfboards or stripboards are common for testing new designs. Mass-produced circuits are typically built using a printed circuit board (PCB) that is used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components.
Electronic circuits can display highly complex behaviors, even though they are governed by the same laws of physics as simpler circuits.
Electronic circuits can usually be categorized as analog, discrete, or mixed-signal (a combination of analog and discrete) electronic circuits.
Analog circuits
Analog electronic circuits are those in which signals may vary continuously with time to correspond to the information being represented. Electronic equipment like voltage amplifiers, power amplifiers, tuning circuits, radios, and televisions are largely analog (with the exception of their control sections, which may be digital, especially in modern units).
The basic units of analog circuits are passive (resistors, capacitors, inductors, and recently memristors) and active (independent power sources and dependent power sources). Components such as transistors may be represented by a model containing passive components and dependent sources. Another classification is to take impedance and independent sources and operational amplifier as basic electronic components; this allows us to model frequency dependent negative resistors, gyrators, negative impedance converters, and dependent sources as secondary electronic components. There are two main types of circuits: series and parallel. A string of Christmas lights is a good example of a series circuit: if one goes out, they all do. In a parallel circuit, each bulb is connected to the power source separately, so if one goes out the rest still remain shining.
Discrete circuits
In digital electronic circuits, electric signals take on discrete values, which are not dependent upon time, to represent logical and numeric values. These values represent the information that is being processed. The transistor is one of the primary components used in discrete circuits, and combinations of these can be used to create logic gates. These logic gates may then be used in combination to create a desired output from an input.
Larger circuits may contain several complex components, such as FPGAsor Microprocessors. These along with several other components may be interconnected to create a large circuit that operates on large amount of data.
Examples of electronic equipment which use digital circuits include digital wristwatches, calculators, PDAs, and microprocessors.
Mixed-signal circuits
Mixed-signal or hybrid circuits contain elements of both analog and digital circuits. Examples include comparators, timers, PLLs, ADCs (analog-to-digital converters), and DACs (digital-to-analog converters).
Three Basic Parts of circuits
Energy source - converts nonelectric energy into energy. Examples are batteries and generators.
Output device - uses electric energy to do work. Examples are motor, lamp, or display.
Connection - allows electric current to flow. Examples are wire and cable.
Information about Electronic tuner
Pocket-sized Korg chromatic LCD tuner, with simulated analog needle
An electronic tuner is a device used by musicians to detect and display the pitch of notes played on musical instruments. The simplest tuners use LED lights or a needle to indicate approximately whether the pitch of the note played is lower, higher, or approximately equal to the desired pitch. More complex and expensive tuners indicate more precisely the difference between offered note and desired pitch. Tuners vary in size from units that can fit in a pocket to table-top models or 19" units. The more complex and expensive units are used by instrument technicians, piano tuners and luthiers
The simplest tuners only detect and display the tuning for a single pitch (often "A" or "E")or for a small number of pitches, such as the six pitches used in the standard tuning of a guitar (E,A,D,G,B,E). More complex tuners offer chromatic tuning, which allows all the 12 notes of the scale to be tuned. Some electronic tuners offer additional features, such as adjustable pitch calibration, different tempered scale options, the sounding of a desired pitch through an amplifier and speaker, and adjustable "read-time" settings which affect how long the tuner takes to measure the pitch of the note.
The most accurate tuning devices are strobe tuners, which work in a different way to regular electronic tuners; they are basically stroboscopes. These can be used to tune any instrument, including the initial "beating" of steelpan drums, bagpipes, accordions, calliopes, bells or any audio device much more accurately than regular LED, LCD or needle display tuners. However, strobe units are generally much more expensive, and the mechanical elements of a mechanical (rather than electronic-display) strobe require periodic servicing. Therefore, these tuners are mainly used by specialists and professional instrument technicians.
An electronic tuner is a device used by musicians to detect and display the pitch of notes played on musical instruments. The simplest tuners use LED lights or a needle to indicate approximately whether the pitch of the note played is lower, higher, or approximately equal to the desired pitch. More complex and expensive tuners indicate more precisely the difference between offered note and desired pitch. Tuners vary in size from units that can fit in a pocket to table-top models or 19" units. The more complex and expensive units are used by instrument technicians, piano tuners and luthiers
The simplest tuners only detect and display the tuning for a single pitch (often "A" or "E")or for a small number of pitches, such as the six pitches used in the standard tuning of a guitar (E,A,D,G,B,E). More complex tuners offer chromatic tuning, which allows all the 12 notes of the scale to be tuned. Some electronic tuners offer additional features, such as adjustable pitch calibration, different tempered scale options, the sounding of a desired pitch through an amplifier and speaker, and adjustable "read-time" settings which affect how long the tuner takes to measure the pitch of the note.
The most accurate tuning devices are strobe tuners, which work in a different way to regular electronic tuners; they are basically stroboscopes. These can be used to tune any instrument, including the initial "beating" of steelpan drums, bagpipes, accordions, calliopes, bells or any audio device much more accurately than regular LED, LCD or needle display tuners. However, strobe units are generally much more expensive, and the mechanical elements of a mechanical (rather than electronic-display) strobe require periodic servicing. Therefore, these tuners are mainly used by specialists and professional instrument technicians.
What is Electronic Waste Recycling Fee?
The Electronic Waste Recycling Fee is a fee imposed by the government of the state of California in the United States on new purchases of electronic products with viewable screens. It is one of the key elements of the Electronic Waste Recycling Act. Retailers submit the collected fees to the Board of Equalization. Retailers may pay the fee on behalf of the consumer, however the retailer must remit the same amount to the State and indicate the amount on the consumer receipt. Retailers may retain 3% of the collected fees in order to recoup costs of collection. The fees collected reimburse a number of recycling centers, who in turn offer free recycling of e-waste to consumers and businesses. The statutory recycling fees are adjusted every one to two years by the state on or before August 1 of the year. Sellers and manufacturers are subject to civil fines for failing to collect and remit the fee.
Fees are collected for the following CEDs (Covered Electronic Devices):
• Televisions that contain cathode ray tubes, liquid crystal displays, or plasma screens.
• Computer monitors that contain cathode ray tubes or use liquid crystal displays.
• Laptop computers and Portable DVD players with liquid crystal displays.
• "Bare" cathode ray tubes or any other product that contains a cathode ray tube.
In 2005, the California Board of Equalization charged the following fees
Fees are collected for the following CEDs (Covered Electronic Devices):
• Televisions that contain cathode ray tubes, liquid crystal displays, or plasma screens.
• Computer monitors that contain cathode ray tubes or use liquid crystal displays.
• Laptop computers and Portable DVD players with liquid crystal displays.
• "Bare" cathode ray tubes or any other product that contains a cathode ray tube.
In 2005, the California Board of Equalization charged the following fees
Information about Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Not to be confused with the Institution of Electrical Enginees(IEE).
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Type Professional Organization
Founded January 1, 1963
Origins Merger of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and the Institute of Radio Engineers
Staff Dr. John R. Vig, current president
Area served Worldwide
Focus Electrical, electronics, and information technology
Method Industry standards, Conferences, Publications
Revenue US$330 million
Members 365,000+
Website www.ieee.org
The IEEE corporate office is on the 17th floor of 3 Park Avenue in New York City
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers or IEEE (read eye-triple-e) is an international non-profit, professional organization for the advancement of technology related to electricity. It has the most members of any technical professional organization in the world, with more than 365,000 members in around 150 countries
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Type Professional Organization
Founded January 1, 1963
Origins Merger of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and the Institute of Radio Engineers
Staff Dr. John R. Vig, current president
Area served Worldwide
Focus Electrical, electronics, and information technology
Method Industry standards, Conferences, Publications
Revenue US$330 million
Members 365,000+
Website www.ieee.org
The IEEE corporate office is on the 17th floor of 3 Park Avenue in New York City
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers or IEEE (read eye-triple-e) is an international non-profit, professional organization for the advancement of technology related to electricity. It has the most members of any technical professional organization in the world, with more than 365,000 members in around 150 countries
Electronicsjalil integrated 4000 circuits
List of the CMOS 4000 series
4000 - Dual tri-Input NOR Gate and Inverter
4001 - Quad 2-input NOR gate
4002 - Dual 4-input NOR gate
4006 - 18 stage Shift register
4007 - Dual Complementary Pair Plus Inverter
4008 - 4 bit adder
4009 - Hex inverting buffer
4010 - Hex non-inverting buffer
4011 - Buffered Quad 2-Input NAND gate
4012 - Dual 4-input NAND gate
4013 - Dual D-type flip-flop
4014 - 8-stage shift register
4015 - Dual 4-stage shift register
4016 - Quad bilateral switch
4017 - Divide-by-10 counter (5-stage Johnson counter)
4018 - Presettable divide-by-n counter
4019 - Quad 2-input multiplexer(data selector)
4020 - 14-stage binary counter
4021 - 8-bit static shift register
4022 - Divide-by-8 counter (4-stage Johnson counter)
4023 - Triple 3-input NAND
4024 - 7-Stage Binary Ripple Counter
4025 - Triple tri-input NOR gate
4026 - BCD counter with decoded 7-segment output
4027 - Dual JK flip-flop
4028 - BCD to decimal (1-of-10) decoder
4029 - Presettable up/down counter, binary or BCD-decade
4030 - Quad exclusive-OR
4031 - 64-Bit Static Shift Register
4032 - Triple serial adder
4033 - BCD counter + 7 seg decoder w/ripple blank
4034 - 8-stage bidirectional parallel or serial input/parallel output
4035 - 4-stage parallel-in/parallel-out (PIPO) with J-K input and true/complement output
4038 - Triple serial adder
4040 - 12-stage binary ripple counter
4041 - Quad true/complement buffer
4042 - Quad D-type latch
4043 - Quad NOR R/S latch
4044 - Quad NAND R/S ((tristate) outputs)
4045 - 21-Stage Counter
4046 - PLL with VCO
4047 - Monostable/Astable Multivibrator
4048 - Multifunctional expandable 8-input ((tri-state) output)
4049 - Hex inverter/buffer (NOT gate)
4050 - Hex buffer/converter (non-inverting)
4051 - Analogue multiplexer/demultiplexer (1-of-8 switch)
4052 - Analogue multiplexer/demultiplexer (Dual 1-of-4 switch)
4053 - Analogue multiplexer/demultiplexer (Triple 1-of-2 switch)
4054 - Seven-segment display decoder/LCD driver
4055 - BCD-to-7-segment decoder/driver with "display-frequency" output
4056 - BCD-to-7-segment decoder/driver with strobed latch function
4059 - Programmable divide-by-N counter
4060 - 14-stage binary ripple counter and oscillator
4062 - Logic dual 3 majority gate
4063 - 4-bit Digital comparator
4066 - Quad Analog switch (Low "ON" Resistance)
4066 - Quad Bilateral Switch
4067 - 16-channel analogue multiplexer/demultiplexer (1-of-16 switch)
4068 - 8-input NAND gate
4069 - Hex inverter
4070 - Quad exclusive-OR
4071 - Quad 2-input OR gate
4072 - Dual 4-input OR gate
4073 - Triple tri-input AND gate
4075 - Triple tri-input OR gate
4076 - Quad D-type register with tristate outputs
4077 - Quad 2-input EXCLUSIVE-NOR gate
4078 - 8-input NOR gate
4081 - Quad 2-input AND gate
4082 - Dual 4-input AND gate
4085 - Dual 2-wide, 2-input AND/OR invert (AOI)
4086 - Expandable 4-wide, 2-input AND/OR invert (AOI)
4089 - Binary rate multiplier
4093 - Quad 2-input Schmitt trigger NAND gate
4094 - 8-stage shift-and-store bus
4095 - Gated "J-K" (non-inverting)
4096 - Gated "J-K" (inverting and non-inverting)
4097 - Differential 8-channel analog multiplexer/demultiplexer
4098 - Dual one-shot monostable
4099 - 8-bit addressable latch
4104 - Quad Low-to-High Voltage Translator with tri-State Outputs
4502 - Hex inverting buffer ((tri-state))
4503 - Hex non-inverting buffer with tristate outputs
4504 - Hex voltage level shifter for TLL-to-CMOS or CMOS-to-CMOS operation
4508 - Dual 4-bit latch with tristate outputs
4510 - Presettable 4-bit BCD up/down counter
4511 - BCD to 7-segment latch/decoder/driver
4512 - 8-input multiplexer (data selector) with tristate output
4513 - BCD to 7-segment latch/decoder/driver (4511 plus ripple blanking)
4514 - 1-of-16 decoder/demultiplexer HIGH output
4515 - 1-of-16 decoder/demultiplexer LOW output
4516 - Presettable 4-bit binary up/down counter
4517 - Dual 64-Bit Static Shift Register
4518 - Dual BCD up counter
4519 - Quad 2-input multiplexer (data selector)
4520 - Dual 4-bit binary up counter
4521 - 24-stage frequency divider
4522 - Programmable BCD divide-by-N counter
4526 - Programmable 4-bit binary down counter
4527 - BCD rate multiplier
4528 - Dual Retriggerable Monostable Multivibrator with Reset
4529 - Dual 4-channel analog
4532 - 8-bit priority encoder
4536 - Programmable Timer
4538 - Dual Retriggerable Precision Monostable Multivibrator
4541 - Programmable Timer
4543 - BCD to 7-Segment Latch/Decoder/Driver with Phase Input
4555 - Dual 1-of-4 decoder/demultiplexer HIGH output
4556 - Dual 1-of-4 decoder/demultiplexer LOW output
4557 - 1-to-64 Bit Variable Length Shift Register
4560 - NBCD adder
4566 - Industrial time-base generator
4572 - Hex gate : quad NOT, single NAND, single NOR
4584 - Hex schmitt trigger
4585 - 4-bit Digital comparator
4724 - 8-bit addressable latch
4750 - Frequency synthesizer
4751 - Universal divider
4794 - 8-Stage Shift-and-Store Register LED Driver
4894 - 12-Stage Shift-and-Store Register LED Driver
4938 - Dual Retriggerable Precision monostable multivibrator with Reset
4952 - 8-channel analog multiplexer/demultiplexer
40098 - 3-state hex inverting buffer
40100 - 32-bit left/right Shift Register
40101 - 8 bit BCD down counter
40102 - Presettable 2-decade BCD down counter
40103 - Presettable 8-bit binary down counter
40104 - 4 bit bidirectional Parallel-in/Parallel-out PIPO Shift Register (tri-state)
40105 - 4-bit x 16 word Register
40106 - Hex Inverting Schmitt-Trigger-(NOT gates)
40107 - dual 2-input NAND buffer/driver
40108 - 4x4-bit (tri-state) synchronous triple-port register file
40109 - level shifter
40110 - Up/Down Counter-Latch-Decoder-Driver
40116 - 8-bit bidirectional CMOS-to-TTL level converter
40117 - Programmable dual 4-bit terminator
40147 - 10-line to 4-line BCD priority encoder
40160 - Decade counter/asynchronous clear
40161 - Binary counter/asynchronous clear
40162 - 4-bit synchronous decade counter with load, reset, and ripple carry output
40163 - 4-bit synchronous binary counter with load, reset, and ripple carry output
40174 - Hex D-type flip-flop with reset; positive-edge trigger
40175 - Quad D-type flip-flop with reset; positive-edge trigger
40181 - 4-bit 16-function arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
40192 - Presettable 4-bit BCD up/down counter
40193 - Presettable 4-bit binary up/down counter
40194 - 4-bit universal bidirectional with asynchronous master reset
40195 - 4-bit universal shift register
40208 - 4 × 4-bit (tri-state) synchronous triple-port register file
40240 - Buffer/Line driver; Inverting (tri-State)
40244 - Buffer/Line Driver; Non-Inverting (tri-State)
40245 - Octuple bus transceiver; (tri-state) outputs ,
40257 - Quad 2-Line-to-1-Line Data Selector/Multiplexer (tri-state)
40373 - Octal D-Type Transparent latch (tri-State)
40374 - Octal D-type flip-flop; positive-edge trigger ((tri-state))
4000 - Dual tri-Input NOR Gate and Inverter
4001 - Quad 2-input NOR gate
4002 - Dual 4-input NOR gate
4006 - 18 stage Shift register
4007 - Dual Complementary Pair Plus Inverter
4008 - 4 bit adder
4009 - Hex inverting buffer
4010 - Hex non-inverting buffer
4011 - Buffered Quad 2-Input NAND gate
4012 - Dual 4-input NAND gate
4013 - Dual D-type flip-flop
4014 - 8-stage shift register
4015 - Dual 4-stage shift register
4016 - Quad bilateral switch
4017 - Divide-by-10 counter (5-stage Johnson counter)
4018 - Presettable divide-by-n counter
4019 - Quad 2-input multiplexer(data selector)
4020 - 14-stage binary counter
4021 - 8-bit static shift register
4022 - Divide-by-8 counter (4-stage Johnson counter)
4023 - Triple 3-input NAND
4024 - 7-Stage Binary Ripple Counter
4025 - Triple tri-input NOR gate
4026 - BCD counter with decoded 7-segment output
4027 - Dual JK flip-flop
4028 - BCD to decimal (1-of-10) decoder
4029 - Presettable up/down counter, binary or BCD-decade
4030 - Quad exclusive-OR
4031 - 64-Bit Static Shift Register
4032 - Triple serial adder
4033 - BCD counter + 7 seg decoder w/ripple blank
4034 - 8-stage bidirectional parallel or serial input/parallel output
4035 - 4-stage parallel-in/parallel-out (PIPO) with J-K input and true/complement output
4038 - Triple serial adder
4040 - 12-stage binary ripple counter
4041 - Quad true/complement buffer
4042 - Quad D-type latch
4043 - Quad NOR R/S latch
4044 - Quad NAND R/S ((tristate) outputs)
4045 - 21-Stage Counter
4046 - PLL with VCO
4047 - Monostable/Astable Multivibrator
4048 - Multifunctional expandable 8-input ((tri-state) output)
4049 - Hex inverter/buffer (NOT gate)
4050 - Hex buffer/converter (non-inverting)
4051 - Analogue multiplexer/demultiplexer (1-of-8 switch)
4052 - Analogue multiplexer/demultiplexer (Dual 1-of-4 switch)
4053 - Analogue multiplexer/demultiplexer (Triple 1-of-2 switch)
4054 - Seven-segment display decoder/LCD driver
4055 - BCD-to-7-segment decoder/driver with "display-frequency" output
4056 - BCD-to-7-segment decoder/driver with strobed latch function
4059 - Programmable divide-by-N counter
4060 - 14-stage binary ripple counter and oscillator
4062 - Logic dual 3 majority gate
4063 - 4-bit Digital comparator
4066 - Quad Analog switch (Low "ON" Resistance)
4066 - Quad Bilateral Switch
4067 - 16-channel analogue multiplexer/demultiplexer (1-of-16 switch)
4068 - 8-input NAND gate
4069 - Hex inverter
4070 - Quad exclusive-OR
4071 - Quad 2-input OR gate
4072 - Dual 4-input OR gate
4073 - Triple tri-input AND gate
4075 - Triple tri-input OR gate
4076 - Quad D-type register with tristate outputs
4077 - Quad 2-input EXCLUSIVE-NOR gate
4078 - 8-input NOR gate
4081 - Quad 2-input AND gate
4082 - Dual 4-input AND gate
4085 - Dual 2-wide, 2-input AND/OR invert (AOI)
4086 - Expandable 4-wide, 2-input AND/OR invert (AOI)
4089 - Binary rate multiplier
4093 - Quad 2-input Schmitt trigger NAND gate
4094 - 8-stage shift-and-store bus
4095 - Gated "J-K" (non-inverting)
4096 - Gated "J-K" (inverting and non-inverting)
4097 - Differential 8-channel analog multiplexer/demultiplexer
4098 - Dual one-shot monostable
4099 - 8-bit addressable latch
4104 - Quad Low-to-High Voltage Translator with tri-State Outputs
4502 - Hex inverting buffer ((tri-state))
4503 - Hex non-inverting buffer with tristate outputs
4504 - Hex voltage level shifter for TLL-to-CMOS or CMOS-to-CMOS operation
4508 - Dual 4-bit latch with tristate outputs
4510 - Presettable 4-bit BCD up/down counter
4511 - BCD to 7-segment latch/decoder/driver
4512 - 8-input multiplexer (data selector) with tristate output
4513 - BCD to 7-segment latch/decoder/driver (4511 plus ripple blanking)
4514 - 1-of-16 decoder/demultiplexer HIGH output
4515 - 1-of-16 decoder/demultiplexer LOW output
4516 - Presettable 4-bit binary up/down counter
4517 - Dual 64-Bit Static Shift Register
4518 - Dual BCD up counter
4519 - Quad 2-input multiplexer (data selector)
4520 - Dual 4-bit binary up counter
4521 - 24-stage frequency divider
4522 - Programmable BCD divide-by-N counter
4526 - Programmable 4-bit binary down counter
4527 - BCD rate multiplier
4528 - Dual Retriggerable Monostable Multivibrator with Reset
4529 - Dual 4-channel analog
4532 - 8-bit priority encoder
4536 - Programmable Timer
4538 - Dual Retriggerable Precision Monostable Multivibrator
4541 - Programmable Timer
4543 - BCD to 7-Segment Latch/Decoder/Driver with Phase Input
4555 - Dual 1-of-4 decoder/demultiplexer HIGH output
4556 - Dual 1-of-4 decoder/demultiplexer LOW output
4557 - 1-to-64 Bit Variable Length Shift Register
4560 - NBCD adder
4566 - Industrial time-base generator
4572 - Hex gate : quad NOT, single NAND, single NOR
4584 - Hex schmitt trigger
4585 - 4-bit Digital comparator
4724 - 8-bit addressable latch
4750 - Frequency synthesizer
4751 - Universal divider
4794 - 8-Stage Shift-and-Store Register LED Driver
4894 - 12-Stage Shift-and-Store Register LED Driver
4938 - Dual Retriggerable Precision monostable multivibrator with Reset
4952 - 8-channel analog multiplexer/demultiplexer
40098 - 3-state hex inverting buffer
40100 - 32-bit left/right Shift Register
40101 - 8 bit BCD down counter
40102 - Presettable 2-decade BCD down counter
40103 - Presettable 8-bit binary down counter
40104 - 4 bit bidirectional Parallel-in/Parallel-out PIPO Shift Register (tri-state)
40105 - 4-bit x 16 word Register
40106 - Hex Inverting Schmitt-Trigger-(NOT gates)
40107 - dual 2-input NAND buffer/driver
40108 - 4x4-bit (tri-state) synchronous triple-port register file
40109 - level shifter
40110 - Up/Down Counter-Latch-Decoder-Driver
40116 - 8-bit bidirectional CMOS-to-TTL level converter
40117 - Programmable dual 4-bit terminator
40147 - 10-line to 4-line BCD priority encoder
40160 - Decade counter/asynchronous clear
40161 - Binary counter/asynchronous clear
40162 - 4-bit synchronous decade counter with load, reset, and ripple carry output
40163 - 4-bit synchronous binary counter with load, reset, and ripple carry output
40174 - Hex D-type flip-flop with reset; positive-edge trigger
40175 - Quad D-type flip-flop with reset; positive-edge trigger
40181 - 4-bit 16-function arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
40192 - Presettable 4-bit BCD up/down counter
40193 - Presettable 4-bit binary up/down counter
40194 - 4-bit universal bidirectional with asynchronous master reset
40195 - 4-bit universal shift register
40208 - 4 × 4-bit (tri-state) synchronous triple-port register file
40240 - Buffer/Line driver; Inverting (tri-State)
40244 - Buffer/Line Driver; Non-Inverting (tri-State)
40245 - Octuple bus transceiver; (tri-state) outputs ,
40257 - Quad 2-Line-to-1-Line Data Selector/Multiplexer (tri-state)
40373 - Octal D-Type Transparent latch (tri-State)
40374 - Octal D-type flip-flop; positive-edge trigger ((tri-state))
list of 7400 series integrated circuits at Electronicsjalil
The following is a list of 7400 series digital logic integrated circuits. The 7400 series originated with TTL integrated circuits made by Texas Instruments. Because of the popularity of these parts, they were second-sourced by other manufacturers who kept the 7400 sequence number as an aid to identification of compatible parts. As well, compatible TTL parts originated by other manufacturers were second sourced in the TI product line under a 74XXX series part number.
506 different parts are listed here as if made in the basic, standard power and speed, TTL form, although many later parts were never manufactured with that technology.
• 7400: Quad 2-input NAND gate
• 7401: Quad 2-input NAND gate with open collector outputs
• 7402: Quad 2-input NOR Gate
• 7403: Quad 2-input NAND Gate with open collector outputs (different pinout than 7401)
• 7404: Hex Inverter
• 7405: Hex Inverter with open collector outputs
• 7406: Hex Inverter Buffer/Driver with 30V open collector outputs
• 7407: Hex Buffer/Driver with 30V open collector outputs
• 7408: Quad 2-input AND gate
• 7409: Quad 2-input AND gate with open collector outputs
• 7410: Triple 3-input NAND Gate
• 7411: Triple 3-input AND gate
• 7412: Triple 3-input NAND Gate with open collector outputs
• 7413: Dual Schmitt trigger 4-input NAND Gate
• 7414: Hex Schmitt trigger Inverter
• 7415: Triple 3-input AND gate with open collector outputs
• 7416: Hex Inverter Buffer/Driver with 15V open collector outputs
• 7417: Hex Buffer/Driver with 15V open collector outputs
• 7419: Hex Schmitt trigger Inverter
• 7420: Dual 4-input NAND Gate
• 7421: Dual 4-input AND gate
• 7422: Dual 4-Input NAND Gate with open collector Outputs
• 7423: Expandable Dual 4-input NOR Gate with Strobe
• 7424: Quad 2-input NAND Gate gates with schmitt-trigger line-receiver inputs.
• 7425: Dual 4-input NOR Gate with Strobe
• 7426: Quad 2-input NAND Gate with 15V open collector outputs
• 7427: Triple 3-input NOR Gate
• 7428: Quad 2-input NOR Buffer
• 7430: 8-input NAND Gate
• 7431: Hex Delay Elements
• 7432: Quad 2-input OR Gate
• 7433: Quad 2-input NOR Buffer with open collector outputs
• 7436: Quad 2-input NOR Gate (different pinout than 7402)
• 7437: Quad 2-input NAND Buffer
• 7438: Quad 2-input NAND Buffer with open collector outputs
• 7439: Quad 2-input NAND Buffer
• 7440: Dual 4-input NAND Buffer
• 7441: BCD to Decimal Decoder/NIXIE Tube Driver
• 7442: BCD to Decimal Decoder
• 7443: Excess-3 to Decimal Decoder
• 7444: Excess-3-Gray to Decimal Decoder
• 7445: BCD to Decimal Decoder/Driver
• 7446: BCD to 7-segment Decoder/Driver with 30V open collector outputs
• 7447: BCD to 7-segment Decoder/Driver with 15V open collector outputs
• 7448: BCD to 7-segment Decoder/Driver with Internal Pullups
• 7449: BCD to 7-segment Decoder/Driver with open collector outputs
• 7450: Dual 2-Wide 2-input AND-OR-INVERT Gate (one gate expandable)
• 7451: Dual 2-Wide 2-Input AND-OR-INVERT Gate
• 7452: Expandable 4-Wide 2-input AND-OR Gate
• 7453: Expandable 4-Wide 2-input AND-OR-INVERT Gate
• 7454: 4-Wide 2-Input AND-OR-INVERT Gate
• 7455: 2-Wide 4-Input AND-OR-INVERT Gate (74H version is expandable)
• 7456: 50:1 Frequency divider
• 7457: 60:1 Frequency divider
• 7458: Dual 4-bit Decade Counter
• 7459: Dual 4-bit Binary Counter
• 7460: Dual 4-input Expander
• 7461: Triple 3-input Expander
• 7462: 3-2-2-3-Input Expander
• 7463: Hex Current Sensing Interface Gates
• 7464: 4-2-3-2-Input AND-OR-INVERT Gate
• 7465: 4-2-3-2 Input AND-OR-INVERT Gate with open collector output
• 7468: Dual 4 Bit Decade or Binary Counters
• 7469: Dual 4 Bit Decade or Binary Counters
• 7470: AND-Gated Positive Edge Triggered J-K Flip-Flop with Preset and Clear
• 74H71: AND-OR-Gated J-K Master-Slave Flip-Flop with Preset
• 74L71: AND-Gated R-S Master-Slave Flip-Flop with Preset and Clear
• 7472: AND Gated J-K Master-Slave Flip-Flop with Preset and Clear
• 7473: Dual J-K Flip-Flop with Clear
• 7474: Dual D Positive Edge Triggered Flip-Flop with Preset and Clear
• 7475: 4-bit Bistable Latch
• 7476: Dual J-K Flip-Flop with Preset and Clear
• 7477: 4-bit Bistable Latch
• 74H78, 74L78: Dual J-K Flip-Flop with Preset, Common Clear, and Common Clock
• 74LS78A: Dual Negative Edge Triggered J-K Flip-Flop with Preset, Common Clear, and Common Clock
• 7479: Dual D Flip-Flop
• 7480: Gated Full Adder
• 7481: 16-bit Random Access Memory
• 7482: 2-bit Binary Full Adder
• 7483: 4-bit Binary Full Adder
• 7484: 16-bit Random Access Memory
• 7485: 4-bit Magnitude Comparator
• 7486: Quad 2-input XOR gate
• 7487: 4-bit True/Complement/Zero/One Element
• 7488: 256-bit Read-only memory
• 7489: 64-bit Random Access Memory
• 7490: Decade Counter (separate Divide-by-2 and Divide-by-5 sections)
• 7491: 8-bit Shift Register, Serial In, Serial Out, Gated Input
• 7492: Divide-by-12 Counter (separate Divide-by-2 and Divide-by-6 sections)
• 7493: 4-bit Binary Counter (separate Divide-by-2 and Divide-by-8 sections)
• 7494: 4-bit Shift register, Dual Asynchronous Presets
• 7495: 4-bit Shift register, Parallel In, Parallel Out, Serial Input, Bidirectional
• 7496: 5-bit Parallel-In/Parallel-Out Shift register, Asynchronous Preset
• 7497: Synchronous 6-bit Binary Rate Multiplier
• 7498: 4-bit Data Selector/Storage Register
• 7499: 4-bit Bidirectional Universal Shift register
• 74100: Dual 4-Bit Bistable Latch
• 74101: AND-OR-Gated J-K Negative-Edge-Triggered Flip-Flop with Preset
• 74102: AND-Gated J-K Negative-Edge-Triggered Flip-Flop with Preset and Clear
• 74103: Dual J-K Negative-Edge-Triggered Flip-Flop with Clear
• 74104: J-K Master-Slave Flip-Flop
• 74105: J-K Master-Slave Flip-Flop
• 74106: Dual J-K Negative-Edge-Triggered Flip-Flop with Preset and Clear
• 74107: Dual J-K Flip-Flop with Clear
• 74107A: Dual J-K Negative-Edge-Triggered Flip-Flop with Clear
• 74108: Dual J-K Negative-Edge-Triggered Flip-Flop with Preset, Common Clear, and Common Clock
• 74109: Dual J-Not-K Positive-Edge-Triggered Flip-Flop with Clear and Preset
• 74110: AND-Gated J-K Master-Slave Flip-Flop with Data Lockout
• 74111: Dual J-K Master-Slave Flip-Flop with Data Lockout
• 74112: Dual J-K Negative-Edge-Triggered Flip-Flop with Clear and Preset
• 74113: Dual J-K Negative-Edge-Triggered Flip-Flop with Preset
• 74114: Dual J-K Negative-Edge-Triggered Flip-Flop with Preset, Common Clock and Clear
• 74116: Dual 4-bit Latches with Clear
• 74118: Hex Set/Reset Latch
• 74119: Hex Set/Reset Latch
• 74120: Dual Pulse Synchronizer/Drivers
• 74121: Monostable Multivibrator
• 74122: Retriggerable Monostable Multivibrator with Clear
• 74123: Dual Retriggerable Monostable Multivibrator with Clear
• 74124: Dual Voltage-Controlled Oscillator
• 74125: Quad Bus Buffer with Three-State Outputs, Negative Enable
• 74126: Quad Bus Buffer with Three-State Outputs, Positive Enable
• 74128: Quad 2-input NOR Line Driver
• 74130: Quad 2-input AND gate Buffer with 30V open collector outputs
• 74131: Quad 2-input AND gate Buffer with 15V open collector outputs
• 74132: Quad 2-input NAND Schmitt trigger
• 74133: 13-Input NAND Gate
• 74134: 12-Input NAND Gate with Three-State Output
• 74135: Quad Exclusive-OR/NOR Gate
• 74136: Quad 2-Input XOR gate with open collector outputs
• 74137: 3 to 8-line Decoder/Demultiplexer with Address Latch
• 74138: 3 to 8-line Decoder/Demultiplexer
• 74139: Dual 2 to 4-line Decoder/Demultiplexer
• 74140: Dual 4-input NAND Line Driver
• 74141: BCD to Decimal Decoder/Nixie Tube Driver
• 74142: Decade Counter/Latch/Decoder/Nixie Tube Driver
• 74143: Decade Counter/Latch/Decoder/7-segment Driver, 15 mA Constant Current
• 74144: Decade Counter/Latch/Decoder/7-segment Driver, 15V open collector outputs
• 74145: BCD to Decimal Decoder/Driver
• 74147: 10-Line to 4-Line Priority Encoder
• 74148: 8-Line to 3-Line Priority Encoder
• 74150: 16-Line to 1-Line Data Selector/Multiplexer
• 74151: 8-Line to 1-Line Data Selector/Multiplexer
• 74152: 8-Line to 1-Line Data Selector/Multiplexer
• 74153: Dual 4-Line to 1-Line Data Selector/Multiplexer
• 74154: 4-Line to 16-Line Decoder/Demultiplexer
• 74155: Dual 2-Line to 4-Line Decoder/Demultiplexer
• 74156: Dual 2-Line to 4-Line Decoder/Demultiplexer with open collector outputs
• 74157: Quad 2-Line to 1-Line Data Selector/Multiplexer, Noninverting
• 74158: Quad 2-Line to 1-Line Data Selector/Multiplexer, Inverting
• 74159: 4-Line to 16-Line Decoder/Demultiplexer with open collector outputs
• 74160: Synchronous 4-bit Decade Counter with Asynchronous Clear
• 74161: Synchronous 4-bit Binary Counter with Asynchronous Clear
• 74162: Synchronous 4-bit Decade Counter with Synchronous Clear
• 74163: Synchronous 4-bit Binary Counter with Synchronous Clear
• 74164: 8-bit Parallel-Out Serial Shift Register with Asynchronous Clear
• 74165: 8-bit Serial Shift Register, Parallel Load, Complementary Outputs
• 74166: Parallel-Load 8-Bit Shift Register
• 74167: Synchronous Decade Rate Multiplier
• 74168: Synchronous 4-Bit Up/Down Decade Counter
• 74169: Synchronous 4-Bit Up/Down Binary Counter
• 74170: 4 by 4 Register File with open collector outputs
• 74172: 16-Bit Multiple Port Register File with Three-State Outputs
• 74173: Quad D Flip-Flop with Three-State Outputs
• 74174: Hex D Flip-Flop with Common Clear
• 74175: Quad D Edge-Triggered Flip-Flop with Complementary Outputs and Asynchronous Clear
• 74176: Presettable Decade (Bi-Quinary) Counter/Latch
• 74177: Presettable Binary Counter/Latch
• 74178: 4-bit Parallel-Access Shift Register
• 74179: 4-bit Parallel-Access Shift Register with Asynchronous Clear and Complementary QD Outputs
• 74180: 9-bit Odd/Even Parity Generator and Checker
• 74181: 4-bit Arithmetic Logic Unit and Function Generator
• 74182: Lookahead Carry Generator
• 74183: Dual Carry-Save Full Adder
• 74184: BCD to Binary Converter
• 74185: Binary to BCD Converter
• 74186: 512-bit (64x8) Read Only Memory with open collector outputs
• 74187: 1024-bit (256x4) Read Only Memory with open collector outputs
• 74188: 256-bit (32x8) Programmable read-only memory with open collector outputs
• 74189: 64-bit (16x4) RAM with Inverting Three-State Outputs
• 74190: Synchronous Up/Down Decade Counter
• 74191: Synchronous Up/Down Binary Counter
• 74192: Synchronous Up/Down Decade Counter with Clear
• 74193: Synchronous Up/Down Binary Counter with Clear
• 74194: 4-bit Bidirectional Universal Shift Register
• 74195: 4-bit Parallel-Access Shift Register
• 74196: Presettable Decade Counter/Latch
• 74197: Presettable Binary Counter/Latch
• 74198: 8-bit Bidirectional Universal Shift Register
• 74199: 8-bit Bidirectional Universal Shift Register with J-Not-K Serial Inputs
• 74200: 256-bit RAM with Three-State Outputs
• 74201: 256-bit (256x1) RAM with three-state outputs
• 74206: 256-bit RAM with open collector outputs
• 74209: 1024-bit (1024x1) RAM with three-state output
• 74210: Octal Buffer
• 74219: 64-bit (16x4) RAM with Noninverting three-state outputs
• 74221: Dual Monostable Multivibrator with Schmitt trigger input
• 74222: 16 by 4 Synchronous FIFO Memory with three-state outputs
• 74224: 16 by 4 Synchronous FIFO Memory with three-state outputs
• 74225: Asynchronous 16x5 FIFO Memory
• 74226: 4-bit Parallel Latched Bus Transceiver with three-state outputs
• 74230: Octal Buffer/Driver with three-state outputs
• 74232: Quad NOR Schmitt trigger
• 74237: 1-of-8 Decoder/Demultiplexer with Address Latch, Active High Outputs
• 74238: 1-of-8 Decoder/Demultiplexer, Active High Outputs
• 74239: Dual 2-of-4 Decoder/Demultiplexer, Active High Outputs
• 74240: Octal Buffer with Inverted three-state outputs
• 74241: Octal Buffer with Noninverted three-state outputs
• 74242: Quad Bus Transceiver with Inverted three-state outputs
• 74243: Quad Bus Transceiver with Noninverted three-state outputs
• 74244: Octal Buffer with Noninverted three-state outputs
• 74245: Octal Bus Transceiver with Noninverted three-state outputs
• 74246: BCD to 7-segment Decoder/Driver with 30V open collector outputs
• 74247: BCD to 7-segment Decoder/Driver with 15V open collector outputs
• 74248: BCD to 7-segment Decoder/Driver with Internal Pull-up Outputs
• 74249: BCD to 7-segment Decoder/Driver with open collector outputs
• 74251: 8-line to 1-line Data Selector/Multiplexer with complementary three-state outputs
• 74253: Dual 4-line to 1-line Data Selector/Multiplexer with three-state outputs
• 74255: Dual 4-bit Addressable Latch
• 74256: Dual 4-bit Addressable Latch
• 74257: Quad 2-line to 1-line Data Selector/Multiplexer with Noninverted three-state outputs
• 74258: Quad 2-line to 1-line Data Selector/Multiplexer with Inverted three-state outputs
• 74259: 8-bit Addressable Latch
• 74260: Dual 5-Input NOR Gate
• 74261: 2-bit by 4-bit Parallel Binary Multiplier
• 74265: Quad Complementary Output Elements
• 74266: Quad 2-Input XNOR gate with open collector Outputs
• 74270: 2048-bit (512x4) Read Only Memory with open collector outputs
• 74271: 2048-bit (256x8) Read Only Memory with open collector outputs
• 74273: 8-bit Register with Reset
• 74274: 4-bit by 4-bit Binary Multiplier
• 74275: 7-bit Slice Wallace tree
• 74276: Quad J-Not-K Edge-Triggered Flip-Flops with Separate Clocks, Common Preset and Clear
• 74278: 4-bit Cascadeable Priority Registers with Latched Data Inputs
• 74279: Quad Set-Reset Latch
• 74280: 9-bit Odd/Even Parity Generator/Checker
• 74281: 4-bit Parallel Binary Accumulator
• 74283: 4-bit Binary Full adder
• 74284: 4-bit by 4-bit Parallel Binary Multiplier (low order 4 bits of product)
• 74285: 4-bit by 4-bit Parallel Binary Multiplier (high order 4 bits of product)
• 74287: 1024-bit (256x4) Programmable read-only memory with three-state outputs
• 74288: 256-bit (32x8) Programmable read-only memory with three-state outputs
• 74289: 64-bit (16x4) RAM with open collector outputs
• 74290: Decade Counter (separate divide-by-2 and divide-by-5 sections)
• 74291: 4-bit Universal Shift register, Binary Up/Down Counter, Synchronous
• 74292: Programmable Frequency Divider/Digital Timer
• 74293: 4-bit Binary Counter (separate divide-by-2 and divide-by-8 sections)
• 74294: Programmable Frequency Divider/Digital Timer
• 74295: 4-Bit Bidirectional Register with Three-State Outputs
• 74297: Digital Phase-Locked-Loop Filter
• 74298: Quad 2-Input Multiplexer with Storage
• 74299: 8-Bit Bidirectional Universal Shift/Storage Register with three-state outputs
• 74301: 256-bit (256x1) RAM with open collector output
• 74309: 1024-bit (1024x1) RAM with open collector output
• 74310: Octal Buffer with Schmitt trigger inputs
• 74314: 1024-bit RAM
• 74320: Crystal controlled oscillator
• 74322: 8-bit Shift Register with Sign Extend, three-state outputs
• 74323: 8-bit Bidirectional Universal Shift/Storage Register with three-state outputs
• 74324: Voltage Controlled Oscillator (or Crystal Controlled)
• 74340: Octal Buffer with Schmitt trigger inputs and three-state inverted outputs
• 74341: Octal Buffer with Schmitt trigger inputs and three-state noninverted outputs
• 74344: Octal Buffer with Schmitt trigger inputs and three-state noninverted outputs
• 74348: 8 to 3-line Priority Encoder with three-state outputs
• 74350: 4-bit Shifter with three-state outputs
• 74351: Dual 8-line to 1-line Data Selectors/Multiplexers with three-state outputs and 4 Common Data Inputs
• 74352: Dual 4-line to 1-line Data Selectors/Multiplexers with Inverting Outputs
• 74353: Dual 4-line to 1-line Data Selectors/Multiplexers with Inverting three-state outputs
• 74354: 8 to 1-line Data Selector/Multiplexer with Transparent Latch, three-state outputs
• 74356: 8 to 1-line Data Selector/Multiplexer with Edge-Triggered Register, three-state outputs
• 74361: Bubble memory function timing generator
• 74362: Four-Phase Clock Generator/Driver (aka TIM9904)
• 74365: Hex Buffer with Noninverted three-state outputs
• 74366: Hex Buffer with Inverted three-state outputs
• 74367: Hex Buffer with Noninverted three-state outputs
• 74368: Hex Buffer with Inverted three-state outputs
• 74370: 2048-bit (512x4) Read-only memory with three-state outputs
• 74371: 2048-bit (256x8) Read-only memory with three-state outputs
• 74373: Octal Transparent Latch with three-state outputs
• 74374: Octal Register with three-state outputs
• 74375: Quad Bistable Latch
• 74376: Quad J-Not-K Flip-flop with Common Clock and Common Clear
• 74377: 8-bit Register with Clock Enable
• 74378: 6-bit Register with Clock Enable
• 74379: 4-bit Register with Clock Enable and Complementary Outputs
• 74380: 8-bit Multifunction Register
• 74381: 4-bit Arithmetic Logic Unit/Function Generator with Generate and Propagate Outputs
• 74382: 4-bit Arithmetic Logic Unit/Function Generator with Ripple Carry and Overflow Outputs
• 74385: Quad 4-bit Adder/Subtractor
• 74386: Quad 2-Input XOR gate
• 74387: 1024-bit (256x4) Programmable read-only memory with open collector outputs
• 74388: 4-bit Register with Standard and Three-State Outputs (74LS388 is equivalent to AMD Am25LS2518 , functional equivalent to Am2918 and Am25S18)
• 74390: Dual 4-bit Decade Counter
• 74393: Dual 4-bit Binary Counter
• 74395: 4-bit Universal Shift register with three-state outputs
• 74398: Quad 2-input Multiplexers with Storage and Complementary Outputs
• 74399: Quad 2-input Multiplexer with Storage
• 74408: 8-bit Parity Tree
• 74412: Multi-Mode Buffered 8-bit Latches with three-state outputs and Clear (74S412 is equivalent to Intel 8212, TI TIM8212)
• 74423: Dual Retriggerable Monostable Multivibrator
• 74424: Two-Phase Clock Generator/Driver (74LS424 is equivalent to Intel 8224, TI TIM8224)
• 74425: Quad Gates with three-state outputs and Active Low Enables
• 74426: Quad Gates with three-state outputs and Active High Enables
• 74428: System Controller for 8080A (74S428 is equivalent to Intel 8228, TI TIM8228)
• 74438: System Controller for 8080A (74S438 is equivalent to Intel 8238, TI TIM8238)
• 74440: Quad Tridirectional Bus Transceiver with Noninverted open collector outputs
• 74441: Quad Tridirectional Bus Transceiver with Inverted open collector outputs
• 74442: Quad Tridirectional Bus Transceiver with Noninverted three-state outputs
• 74443: Quad Tridirectional Bus Transceiver with Inverted three-state outputs
• 74444: Quad Tridirectional Bus Transceiver with Inverted and Noninverted three-state outputs
• 74448: Quad Tridirectional Bus Transceiver with Inverted and Noninverted open collector outputs
• 74450: 16-to-1 Multiplexer with Complementary Outputs
• 74451: Dual 8-to-1 Multiplexer
• 74452: Dual Decade Counter, Synchronous
• 74453: Dual Binary Counter, Synchronous (Motorola, "plain" TTL)
• 74453: Quad 4-to-1 Multiplexer
• 74454: Dual Decade Up/Down Counter, Synchronous, Preset Input
• 74455: Dual Binary Up/Down Counter, Synchronous, Preset Input
• 74456: NBCD (Natural Binary Coded Decimal) Adder
• 74460: Bus Transfer Switch
• 74461: 8-bit Presettable Binary Counter with three-state outputs
• 74462: Fiber-Optic Link Transmitter
• 74463: Fiber-Optic Link Receiver
• 74465: Octal Buffer with three-state outputs
• 74468: Dual MOS-to-TTL Level Converter
• 74470: 2048-bit (256x8) Programmable read-only memory with open collector outputs
• 74471: 2048-bit (256x8) Programmable read-only memory with three-state outputs
• 74472: Programmable read-only memory with open collector outputs
• 74473: Programmable read-only memory with three-state outputs
• 74474: Programmable read-only memory with open collector outputs
• 74475: Programmable read-only memory with three-state outputs
• 74481: 4-bit Slice Processor Elements
• 74482: 4-bit Slice Expandable Control Elements
• 74484: BCD-to-Binary Converter (mask programmed SN74S371 ROM)
• 74485: Binary-to-BCD Converter (mask programmed SN74S371 ROM)
• 74490: Dual Decade Counter
• 74491: 10-bit Binary Up/Down Counter with Limited Preset and three-state logic outputs
• 74498: 8-bit Bidirectional Shift Register with Parallel Inputs and three-state outputs
• 74508: 8-bit Multiplier/Divider
• 74521: 8-bit Comparator
• 74531: Octal Transparent Latch with 32 mA three-state outputs
• 74532: Octal Register with 32 mA three-state outputs
• 74533: Octal Transparent Latch with Inverting Three-state logic outputs
• 74534: Octal Register with Inverting three-state outputs
• 74535: Octal Transparent Latch with Inverting three-state outputs
• 74536: Octal Register with Inverting 32 mA three-state outputs
• 74537: BCD to Decimal Decoder with three-state outputs
• 74538: 1 of 8 Decoder with three-state outputs
• 74539: Dual 1 of 4 Decoder with three-state outputs
• 74540: Inverting Octal Buffer with three-state outputs
• 74541: Non-inverting Octal Buffer with three-state outputs
• 74560: 4-bit Decade Counter with three-state outputs
• 74561: 4-bit Binary Counter with three-state outputs
• 74563: 8-bit D-Type Transparent Latch with Inverting three-state outputs
• 74564: 8-bit D-Type Edge-Triggered Register with Inverting three-state outputs
• 74568: Decade Up/Down Counter with three-state outputs
• 74569: Binary Up/Down Counter with three-state outputs
• 74573: Octal D-Type Transparent Latch with Three-State Outputs
• 74574: Octal D-Type Edge-Triggered Flip-flop with Three-state outputs
• 74575: Octal D-Type Flip-Flop with Synchronous Clear, Three-state outputs
• 74576: Octal D-Type Flip-Flop with Inverting Three-state outputs
• 74577: Octal D-Type Flip-Flop with Synchronous Clear, Inverting three-state outputs
• 74580: Octal Transceiver/Latch with Inverting three-state outputs
• 74589: 8-bit Shift Register with Input Latch, three-state outputs
• 74590: 8-Bit Binary Counter with Output Registers and three-state outputs
• 74592: 8-Bit Binary Counter with Input Registers
• 74593: 8-Bit Binary Counter with Input Registers and three-state outputs
• 74594: Serial-in Shift register with Output Latches
• 74595: Serial-in Shift register with Output Registers
• 74596: Serial-in Shift register with Output Registers and open collector outputs
• 74597: Serial-out Shift register with Input Latches
• 74598: Shift register with Input latches
• 74600: Dynamic Memory Refresh Controller, Transparent and Burst Modes, for 4K or 16K DRAMs (74LS600 is equivalent to TI TIM99600)
• 74601: Dynamic Memory Refresh Controller, Transparent and Burst Modes, for 64K DRAMs (74LS601 is equivalent to TI TIM99601)
• 74602: Dynamic Memory Refresh Controller, Cycle Steal and Burst Modes, for 4K or 16K DRAMs (74LS602 is equivalent to TI TIM99602)
• 74603: Dynamic Memory Refresh Controller, Cycle Steal and Burst Modes, for 64K DRAMs (74LS603 is equivalent to TI TIM99603)
• 74604: Octal 2-input Multiplexer with Latch, High-Speed, with Three-state outputs (74LS604 is equivalent to TI TIM99604)
• 74605: Octal 2-input Multiplexer with Latch, High-Speed, with open collector outputs (74LS605 is equivalent to TI TIM99605)
• 74606: Octal 2-input Multiplexer with Latch, Glitch-Free, with Three-state outputs (74LS606 is equivalent to TI TIM99606)
• 74607: Octal 2-input Multiplexer with Latch, Glitch-Free, with open collector outputs (74LS607 is equivalent to TI TIM99607)
• 74608: Memory Cycle Controller (74LS608 is equivalent to TI TIM99608)
• 74610: Memory Mapper, Latched, Three-state Outputs (74LS610 is equivalent to TI TIM99610)
• 74611: Memory Mapper, Latched, open collector outputs (74LS611 is equivalent to TI TIM99611)
• 74612: Memory Mapper, Three-state logic Outputs (74LS612 is equivalent to TI TIM99612)
• 74613: Memory Mapper, open collector outputs (74LS613 is equivalent to TI TIM99613)
• 74620: Octal Bus Transceiver, Inverting, Three-state Outputs
• 74621: Octal Bus Transceiver, Noninverting, open collector outputs
• 74622: Octal Bus Transceiver, Inverting, open collector outputs
• 74623: Octal Bus Transceiver, Noninverting, Three-state outputs
• 74624: Voltage-Controlled Oscillator with Enable Control, Range Control, Two-Phase Outputs
• 74625: Dual Voltage-Controlled Oscillator with Two-Phase Outputs
• 74626: Dual Voltage-Controlled Oscillator with Enable Control, Two-Phase Outputs
• 74627: Dual Voltage-Controlled Oscillator
• 74628: Voltage-Controlled Oscillator with Enable Control, Range Control, External Temperature Compensation, and Two-Phase Outputs
• 74629: Dual Voltage-Controlled Oscillator with Enable Control, Range Control
• 74630: 16-bit Error Detection and Correction (EDAC) with three-state outputs
• 74631: 16-bit Error Detection and Correction (EDAC) with open collector outputs
• 74632: 32-bit Error Detection and Correction (EDAC)
• 74638: Octal Bus Transceiver with Inverting three-state outputs
• 74639: Octal Bus Transceiver with Noninverting three-state outputs
• 74640: Octal Bus Transceiver with Inverting three-state outputs
• 74641: Octal Bus Transceiver with Noninverting open collector outputs
• 74642: Octal Bus Transceiver with Inverting open collector outputs
• 74643: Octal Bus Transceiver with Mix of Inverting and Noninverting three-state outputs
• 74644: Octal Bus Transceiver with Mix of Inverting and Noninverting open collector outputs
• 74645: Octal Bus Transceiver
• 74646: Octal Bus Transceiver/Latch/Multiplexer with Noninverting three-state outputs
• 74647: Octal Bus Transceiver/Latch/Multiplexer with Noninverting open collector outputs
• 74648: Octal Bus Transceiver/Latch/Multiplexer with Inverting three-state outputs
• 74649: Octal Bus Transceiver/Latch]]/Multiplexer with Inverting open collector outputs
• 74651: Octal Bus Transcevier/Register with Inverting three-state outputs
• 74652: Octal Bus Transcevier/Register with Noninverting three-state outputs
• 74653: Octal Bus Transcevier/Register with Inverting three-state and open collector outputs
• 74654: Octal Bus Transcevier/Register with Noninverting three-state and open collector outputs
• 74658: Octal Bus Transceiver with Parity, Inverting
• 74659: Octal Bus Transceiver with Parity, Noninverting
• 74664: Octal Bus Transcevier with Parity, Inverting
• 74665: Octal Bus Transcevier with Parity, Noninverting
• 74668: Synchronous 4-bit Decade Up/Down Counter
• 74669: Synchronous 4-bit Binary Up/Down Counter
• 74670: 4 by 4 Register File with three-state outputs
• 74671: 4-bit Bidirectional Shift register/Latch /Multiplexer with three-state outputs
• 74672: 4-bit Bidirectional Shift register/Latch/Multiplexer with three-state outputs
• 74673: 16-bit Serial-in Serial-Out Shift register with Output Storage Registers, three-state outputs
• 74674: 16-bit Parallel-in Serial-out Shift register with three-state outputs
• 74677: 16-bit Address Comparator with Enable
• 74678: 16-bit Address Comparator with Latch
• 74679: 12-bit Address Comparator with Latch
• 74680: 12-bit Address Comparator with Enable
• 74681: 4-bit Parallel Binary Accumulator
• 74682: 8-bit Magnitude Comparator
• 74683: 8-bit Magnitude Comparator with open collector outputs
• 74684: 8-bit Magnitude Comparator
• 74685: 8-bit Magnitude Comparator with open collector outputs
• 74686: 8-bit Magnitude Comparator with Enable
• 74687: 8-bit Magnitude Comparator with Enable
• 74688: 8-bit Magnitude Comparator
• 74689: 8-bit Magnitude Comparator with open collector outputs
• 74690: 4-bit Decimal Counter/Latch/Multiplexer with Asynchronous Reset, Three-State Outputs
• 74691: 4-bit Binary Counter/Latch/Multiplexer with Asynchronous Reset, Three-State Outputs
• 74692: 4-bit Decimal Counter/Latch/Multiplexer with Synchronous Reset, Three-State Outputs
• 74693: 4-bit Binary Counter/Latch/Multiplexer with Synchronous Reset, Three-State Outputs
• 74694: 4-bit Decimal Counter/Latch/Multiplexer with Synchronous and Asynchronous Resets, three-state outputs
• 74695: 4-bit Binary Counter/Latch/Multiplexer with Synchronous and Asynchronous Resets, three-state outputs
• 74696: 4-bit Decimal Counter/Register/Multiplexer with Asynchronous Reset, three-state outputs
• 74697: 4-bit Binary Counter/Register/Multiplexer with Asynchronous Reset, three-state outputs
• 74698: 4-bit Decimal Counter/Register/Multiplexer with Synchronous Reset, three-state outputs
• 74699: 4-bit Binary Counter/Register/Multiplexer with Synchronous Reset, three-state outputs
• 74716: Programmable Decade Counter (74LS716 is equivalent to Motorola MC4016)
• 74718: Programmable Binary Counter (74LS718 is equivalent to Motorola MC4018)
• 74724: Voltage Controlled Multivibrator
• 74740: Octal Buffer/Line Driver, Inverting, three-state outputs
• 74741: Octal Buffer/Line Driver, Noninverting, three-state outputs, Mixed enable polarity
• 74744: Octal Buffer/Line Driver, Noninverting, three-state logic outputs
• 74748: 8 to 3-line priority encoder
• 74783: Synchronous Address Multiplexer (74LS783 is equivalent to Motorola MC6883)
• 74790: Error Detection and Correction (EDAC)
• 74795: Octal Buffer with Three-state logic outputs (74LS795 is equivalent to 81LS95)
• 74796: Octal Buffer with Three-state logic outputs (74LS796 is equivalent to 81LS96)
• 74797: Octal Buffer with Three-state logic outputs (74LS797 is equivalent to 81LS97)
• 74798: Octal Buffer with Three-state logic outputs (74LS798 is equivalent to 81LS98)
• 74804: Hex 2-input NAND Drivers
• 74805: Hex 2-input NOR Drivers
• 74808: Hex 2-input AND Drivers
• 74832: Hex 2-input OR Drivers
• 74848: 8 to 3-line Priority Encoder with three-state outputs
• 74873: Octal Transparent Latch
• 74874: Octal D-Type Flip-flop
• 74876: Octal D-Type Flip-flop with Inverting Outputs
• 74878: Dual 4-bit D-Type Flip-flop with Synchronous Clear, Noninverting three-state outputs
• 74879: Dual 4-bit D-Type Flip-flop with Synchronous Clear, Inverting three-state outputs
• 74880: Octal Transparent Latch with Inverting Outputs
• 74881: 4-bit Arithmetic Logic Unit/Function Generator
• 74882: 32-bit Lookahead Carry Generator
• 742960: Error Detection and Correction (EDAC) (74F2960 is equivalent to AMD Am2960)
• 742961: EDAC Bus Buffer, Inverting
• 742962: EDAC Bus Buffer, Noninverting
• 742968: Dynamic Memory Controller
• 742969: Memory Timing Controller for use with EDAC
• 742970: Memory Timing Controller for use without EDAC
• 744020:
• 744028: BCD to Decimal Decoder
• 744040:
• 744046:
• 744050:
• 744051: High-Speed CMOS Logic Analog Multiplexers/Demultiplexers
• 744060: 14-stage binary ripple counter with oscillator
• 744066: Quad bilateral switches
• 744075: Triple 3-input OR Gate
• 744078: 8-Input OR/NOR gate
• 744316:
• 744511: BCD to 7-Segment Decoder
• 744520: Dual 4-bit Synchronous Binary Counter
• 744538:
• 747266: Quad 2-input XNOR gate
Notes
Some TTL logic parts were made with an extended military-specification temperature range. These parts are prefixed with 54 instead of 74 in the part number. A short-lived 64 prefix on Texas Instruments parts indicated an industrial temperature range; this prefix had been dropped from the TI literature by 1973. Most recent 7400 series parts are fabricated in CMOS or BiCMOS technology rather than TTL.
TTL parts made by manufacturers such as Signetics, Motorola, Mullard and Siemens may have different numeric prefix and numbering series entirely.
A few alphabetic characters to designate a specific logic subfamily may immediately follow the 74 or 54 in the part number, e.g., 74LS74 for Low-power Schottky. Some CMOS parts such as 74HCT74 for High-speed CMOS with TTL-compatible input thresholds are functionally similar to the TTL part. Not all functions are available in all families.
In a few instances, such as the 7478 and 74107, the same suffix in different families do not have completely equivalent logic functions.
There are a few numeric suffixes that have multiple conflicting assignments, such as the 74453.
Some manufacturers designate some 4000 equivalent CMOS circuits with a 74 prefix, for example 74HC4066. See list of 4000 series integrated circuits if you need to identify such
506 different parts are listed here as if made in the basic, standard power and speed, TTL form, although many later parts were never manufactured with that technology.
• 7400: Quad 2-input NAND gate
• 7401: Quad 2-input NAND gate with open collector outputs
• 7402: Quad 2-input NOR Gate
• 7403: Quad 2-input NAND Gate with open collector outputs (different pinout than 7401)
• 7404: Hex Inverter
• 7405: Hex Inverter with open collector outputs
• 7406: Hex Inverter Buffer/Driver with 30V open collector outputs
• 7407: Hex Buffer/Driver with 30V open collector outputs
• 7408: Quad 2-input AND gate
• 7409: Quad 2-input AND gate with open collector outputs
• 7410: Triple 3-input NAND Gate
• 7411: Triple 3-input AND gate
• 7412: Triple 3-input NAND Gate with open collector outputs
• 7413: Dual Schmitt trigger 4-input NAND Gate
• 7414: Hex Schmitt trigger Inverter
• 7415: Triple 3-input AND gate with open collector outputs
• 7416: Hex Inverter Buffer/Driver with 15V open collector outputs
• 7417: Hex Buffer/Driver with 15V open collector outputs
• 7419: Hex Schmitt trigger Inverter
• 7420: Dual 4-input NAND Gate
• 7421: Dual 4-input AND gate
• 7422: Dual 4-Input NAND Gate with open collector Outputs
• 7423: Expandable Dual 4-input NOR Gate with Strobe
• 7424: Quad 2-input NAND Gate gates with schmitt-trigger line-receiver inputs.
• 7425: Dual 4-input NOR Gate with Strobe
• 7426: Quad 2-input NAND Gate with 15V open collector outputs
• 7427: Triple 3-input NOR Gate
• 7428: Quad 2-input NOR Buffer
• 7430: 8-input NAND Gate
• 7431: Hex Delay Elements
• 7432: Quad 2-input OR Gate
• 7433: Quad 2-input NOR Buffer with open collector outputs
• 7436: Quad 2-input NOR Gate (different pinout than 7402)
• 7437: Quad 2-input NAND Buffer
• 7438: Quad 2-input NAND Buffer with open collector outputs
• 7439: Quad 2-input NAND Buffer
• 7440: Dual 4-input NAND Buffer
• 7441: BCD to Decimal Decoder/NIXIE Tube Driver
• 7442: BCD to Decimal Decoder
• 7443: Excess-3 to Decimal Decoder
• 7444: Excess-3-Gray to Decimal Decoder
• 7445: BCD to Decimal Decoder/Driver
• 7446: BCD to 7-segment Decoder/Driver with 30V open collector outputs
• 7447: BCD to 7-segment Decoder/Driver with 15V open collector outputs
• 7448: BCD to 7-segment Decoder/Driver with Internal Pullups
• 7449: BCD to 7-segment Decoder/Driver with open collector outputs
• 7450: Dual 2-Wide 2-input AND-OR-INVERT Gate (one gate expandable)
• 7451: Dual 2-Wide 2-Input AND-OR-INVERT Gate
• 7452: Expandable 4-Wide 2-input AND-OR Gate
• 7453: Expandable 4-Wide 2-input AND-OR-INVERT Gate
• 7454: 4-Wide 2-Input AND-OR-INVERT Gate
• 7455: 2-Wide 4-Input AND-OR-INVERT Gate (74H version is expandable)
• 7456: 50:1 Frequency divider
• 7457: 60:1 Frequency divider
• 7458: Dual 4-bit Decade Counter
• 7459: Dual 4-bit Binary Counter
• 7460: Dual 4-input Expander
• 7461: Triple 3-input Expander
• 7462: 3-2-2-3-Input Expander
• 7463: Hex Current Sensing Interface Gates
• 7464: 4-2-3-2-Input AND-OR-INVERT Gate
• 7465: 4-2-3-2 Input AND-OR-INVERT Gate with open collector output
• 7468: Dual 4 Bit Decade or Binary Counters
• 7469: Dual 4 Bit Decade or Binary Counters
• 7470: AND-Gated Positive Edge Triggered J-K Flip-Flop with Preset and Clear
• 74H71: AND-OR-Gated J-K Master-Slave Flip-Flop with Preset
• 74L71: AND-Gated R-S Master-Slave Flip-Flop with Preset and Clear
• 7472: AND Gated J-K Master-Slave Flip-Flop with Preset and Clear
• 7473: Dual J-K Flip-Flop with Clear
• 7474: Dual D Positive Edge Triggered Flip-Flop with Preset and Clear
• 7475: 4-bit Bistable Latch
• 7476: Dual J-K Flip-Flop with Preset and Clear
• 7477: 4-bit Bistable Latch
• 74H78, 74L78: Dual J-K Flip-Flop with Preset, Common Clear, and Common Clock
• 74LS78A: Dual Negative Edge Triggered J-K Flip-Flop with Preset, Common Clear, and Common Clock
• 7479: Dual D Flip-Flop
• 7480: Gated Full Adder
• 7481: 16-bit Random Access Memory
• 7482: 2-bit Binary Full Adder
• 7483: 4-bit Binary Full Adder
• 7484: 16-bit Random Access Memory
• 7485: 4-bit Magnitude Comparator
• 7486: Quad 2-input XOR gate
• 7487: 4-bit True/Complement/Zero/One Element
• 7488: 256-bit Read-only memory
• 7489: 64-bit Random Access Memory
• 7490: Decade Counter (separate Divide-by-2 and Divide-by-5 sections)
• 7491: 8-bit Shift Register, Serial In, Serial Out, Gated Input
• 7492: Divide-by-12 Counter (separate Divide-by-2 and Divide-by-6 sections)
• 7493: 4-bit Binary Counter (separate Divide-by-2 and Divide-by-8 sections)
• 7494: 4-bit Shift register, Dual Asynchronous Presets
• 7495: 4-bit Shift register, Parallel In, Parallel Out, Serial Input, Bidirectional
• 7496: 5-bit Parallel-In/Parallel-Out Shift register, Asynchronous Preset
• 7497: Synchronous 6-bit Binary Rate Multiplier
• 7498: 4-bit Data Selector/Storage Register
• 7499: 4-bit Bidirectional Universal Shift register
• 74100: Dual 4-Bit Bistable Latch
• 74101: AND-OR-Gated J-K Negative-Edge-Triggered Flip-Flop with Preset
• 74102: AND-Gated J-K Negative-Edge-Triggered Flip-Flop with Preset and Clear
• 74103: Dual J-K Negative-Edge-Triggered Flip-Flop with Clear
• 74104: J-K Master-Slave Flip-Flop
• 74105: J-K Master-Slave Flip-Flop
• 74106: Dual J-K Negative-Edge-Triggered Flip-Flop with Preset and Clear
• 74107: Dual J-K Flip-Flop with Clear
• 74107A: Dual J-K Negative-Edge-Triggered Flip-Flop with Clear
• 74108: Dual J-K Negative-Edge-Triggered Flip-Flop with Preset, Common Clear, and Common Clock
• 74109: Dual J-Not-K Positive-Edge-Triggered Flip-Flop with Clear and Preset
• 74110: AND-Gated J-K Master-Slave Flip-Flop with Data Lockout
• 74111: Dual J-K Master-Slave Flip-Flop with Data Lockout
• 74112: Dual J-K Negative-Edge-Triggered Flip-Flop with Clear and Preset
• 74113: Dual J-K Negative-Edge-Triggered Flip-Flop with Preset
• 74114: Dual J-K Negative-Edge-Triggered Flip-Flop with Preset, Common Clock and Clear
• 74116: Dual 4-bit Latches with Clear
• 74118: Hex Set/Reset Latch
• 74119: Hex Set/Reset Latch
• 74120: Dual Pulse Synchronizer/Drivers
• 74121: Monostable Multivibrator
• 74122: Retriggerable Monostable Multivibrator with Clear
• 74123: Dual Retriggerable Monostable Multivibrator with Clear
• 74124: Dual Voltage-Controlled Oscillator
• 74125: Quad Bus Buffer with Three-State Outputs, Negative Enable
• 74126: Quad Bus Buffer with Three-State Outputs, Positive Enable
• 74128: Quad 2-input NOR Line Driver
• 74130: Quad 2-input AND gate Buffer with 30V open collector outputs
• 74131: Quad 2-input AND gate Buffer with 15V open collector outputs
• 74132: Quad 2-input NAND Schmitt trigger
• 74133: 13-Input NAND Gate
• 74134: 12-Input NAND Gate with Three-State Output
• 74135: Quad Exclusive-OR/NOR Gate
• 74136: Quad 2-Input XOR gate with open collector outputs
• 74137: 3 to 8-line Decoder/Demultiplexer with Address Latch
• 74138: 3 to 8-line Decoder/Demultiplexer
• 74139: Dual 2 to 4-line Decoder/Demultiplexer
• 74140: Dual 4-input NAND Line Driver
• 74141: BCD to Decimal Decoder/Nixie Tube Driver
• 74142: Decade Counter/Latch/Decoder/Nixie Tube Driver
• 74143: Decade Counter/Latch/Decoder/7-segment Driver, 15 mA Constant Current
• 74144: Decade Counter/Latch/Decoder/7-segment Driver, 15V open collector outputs
• 74145: BCD to Decimal Decoder/Driver
• 74147: 10-Line to 4-Line Priority Encoder
• 74148: 8-Line to 3-Line Priority Encoder
• 74150: 16-Line to 1-Line Data Selector/Multiplexer
• 74151: 8-Line to 1-Line Data Selector/Multiplexer
• 74152: 8-Line to 1-Line Data Selector/Multiplexer
• 74153: Dual 4-Line to 1-Line Data Selector/Multiplexer
• 74154: 4-Line to 16-Line Decoder/Demultiplexer
• 74155: Dual 2-Line to 4-Line Decoder/Demultiplexer
• 74156: Dual 2-Line to 4-Line Decoder/Demultiplexer with open collector outputs
• 74157: Quad 2-Line to 1-Line Data Selector/Multiplexer, Noninverting
• 74158: Quad 2-Line to 1-Line Data Selector/Multiplexer, Inverting
• 74159: 4-Line to 16-Line Decoder/Demultiplexer with open collector outputs
• 74160: Synchronous 4-bit Decade Counter with Asynchronous Clear
• 74161: Synchronous 4-bit Binary Counter with Asynchronous Clear
• 74162: Synchronous 4-bit Decade Counter with Synchronous Clear
• 74163: Synchronous 4-bit Binary Counter with Synchronous Clear
• 74164: 8-bit Parallel-Out Serial Shift Register with Asynchronous Clear
• 74165: 8-bit Serial Shift Register, Parallel Load, Complementary Outputs
• 74166: Parallel-Load 8-Bit Shift Register
• 74167: Synchronous Decade Rate Multiplier
• 74168: Synchronous 4-Bit Up/Down Decade Counter
• 74169: Synchronous 4-Bit Up/Down Binary Counter
• 74170: 4 by 4 Register File with open collector outputs
• 74172: 16-Bit Multiple Port Register File with Three-State Outputs
• 74173: Quad D Flip-Flop with Three-State Outputs
• 74174: Hex D Flip-Flop with Common Clear
• 74175: Quad D Edge-Triggered Flip-Flop with Complementary Outputs and Asynchronous Clear
• 74176: Presettable Decade (Bi-Quinary) Counter/Latch
• 74177: Presettable Binary Counter/Latch
• 74178: 4-bit Parallel-Access Shift Register
• 74179: 4-bit Parallel-Access Shift Register with Asynchronous Clear and Complementary QD Outputs
• 74180: 9-bit Odd/Even Parity Generator and Checker
• 74181: 4-bit Arithmetic Logic Unit and Function Generator
• 74182: Lookahead Carry Generator
• 74183: Dual Carry-Save Full Adder
• 74184: BCD to Binary Converter
• 74185: Binary to BCD Converter
• 74186: 512-bit (64x8) Read Only Memory with open collector outputs
• 74187: 1024-bit (256x4) Read Only Memory with open collector outputs
• 74188: 256-bit (32x8) Programmable read-only memory with open collector outputs
• 74189: 64-bit (16x4) RAM with Inverting Three-State Outputs
• 74190: Synchronous Up/Down Decade Counter
• 74191: Synchronous Up/Down Binary Counter
• 74192: Synchronous Up/Down Decade Counter with Clear
• 74193: Synchronous Up/Down Binary Counter with Clear
• 74194: 4-bit Bidirectional Universal Shift Register
• 74195: 4-bit Parallel-Access Shift Register
• 74196: Presettable Decade Counter/Latch
• 74197: Presettable Binary Counter/Latch
• 74198: 8-bit Bidirectional Universal Shift Register
• 74199: 8-bit Bidirectional Universal Shift Register with J-Not-K Serial Inputs
• 74200: 256-bit RAM with Three-State Outputs
• 74201: 256-bit (256x1) RAM with three-state outputs
• 74206: 256-bit RAM with open collector outputs
• 74209: 1024-bit (1024x1) RAM with three-state output
• 74210: Octal Buffer
• 74219: 64-bit (16x4) RAM with Noninverting three-state outputs
• 74221: Dual Monostable Multivibrator with Schmitt trigger input
• 74222: 16 by 4 Synchronous FIFO Memory with three-state outputs
• 74224: 16 by 4 Synchronous FIFO Memory with three-state outputs
• 74225: Asynchronous 16x5 FIFO Memory
• 74226: 4-bit Parallel Latched Bus Transceiver with three-state outputs
• 74230: Octal Buffer/Driver with three-state outputs
• 74232: Quad NOR Schmitt trigger
• 74237: 1-of-8 Decoder/Demultiplexer with Address Latch, Active High Outputs
• 74238: 1-of-8 Decoder/Demultiplexer, Active High Outputs
• 74239: Dual 2-of-4 Decoder/Demultiplexer, Active High Outputs
• 74240: Octal Buffer with Inverted three-state outputs
• 74241: Octal Buffer with Noninverted three-state outputs
• 74242: Quad Bus Transceiver with Inverted three-state outputs
• 74243: Quad Bus Transceiver with Noninverted three-state outputs
• 74244: Octal Buffer with Noninverted three-state outputs
• 74245: Octal Bus Transceiver with Noninverted three-state outputs
• 74246: BCD to 7-segment Decoder/Driver with 30V open collector outputs
• 74247: BCD to 7-segment Decoder/Driver with 15V open collector outputs
• 74248: BCD to 7-segment Decoder/Driver with Internal Pull-up Outputs
• 74249: BCD to 7-segment Decoder/Driver with open collector outputs
• 74251: 8-line to 1-line Data Selector/Multiplexer with complementary three-state outputs
• 74253: Dual 4-line to 1-line Data Selector/Multiplexer with three-state outputs
• 74255: Dual 4-bit Addressable Latch
• 74256: Dual 4-bit Addressable Latch
• 74257: Quad 2-line to 1-line Data Selector/Multiplexer with Noninverted three-state outputs
• 74258: Quad 2-line to 1-line Data Selector/Multiplexer with Inverted three-state outputs
• 74259: 8-bit Addressable Latch
• 74260: Dual 5-Input NOR Gate
• 74261: 2-bit by 4-bit Parallel Binary Multiplier
• 74265: Quad Complementary Output Elements
• 74266: Quad 2-Input XNOR gate with open collector Outputs
• 74270: 2048-bit (512x4) Read Only Memory with open collector outputs
• 74271: 2048-bit (256x8) Read Only Memory with open collector outputs
• 74273: 8-bit Register with Reset
• 74274: 4-bit by 4-bit Binary Multiplier
• 74275: 7-bit Slice Wallace tree
• 74276: Quad J-Not-K Edge-Triggered Flip-Flops with Separate Clocks, Common Preset and Clear
• 74278: 4-bit Cascadeable Priority Registers with Latched Data Inputs
• 74279: Quad Set-Reset Latch
• 74280: 9-bit Odd/Even Parity Generator/Checker
• 74281: 4-bit Parallel Binary Accumulator
• 74283: 4-bit Binary Full adder
• 74284: 4-bit by 4-bit Parallel Binary Multiplier (low order 4 bits of product)
• 74285: 4-bit by 4-bit Parallel Binary Multiplier (high order 4 bits of product)
• 74287: 1024-bit (256x4) Programmable read-only memory with three-state outputs
• 74288: 256-bit (32x8) Programmable read-only memory with three-state outputs
• 74289: 64-bit (16x4) RAM with open collector outputs
• 74290: Decade Counter (separate divide-by-2 and divide-by-5 sections)
• 74291: 4-bit Universal Shift register, Binary Up/Down Counter, Synchronous
• 74292: Programmable Frequency Divider/Digital Timer
• 74293: 4-bit Binary Counter (separate divide-by-2 and divide-by-8 sections)
• 74294: Programmable Frequency Divider/Digital Timer
• 74295: 4-Bit Bidirectional Register with Three-State Outputs
• 74297: Digital Phase-Locked-Loop Filter
• 74298: Quad 2-Input Multiplexer with Storage
• 74299: 8-Bit Bidirectional Universal Shift/Storage Register with three-state outputs
• 74301: 256-bit (256x1) RAM with open collector output
• 74309: 1024-bit (1024x1) RAM with open collector output
• 74310: Octal Buffer with Schmitt trigger inputs
• 74314: 1024-bit RAM
• 74320: Crystal controlled oscillator
• 74322: 8-bit Shift Register with Sign Extend, three-state outputs
• 74323: 8-bit Bidirectional Universal Shift/Storage Register with three-state outputs
• 74324: Voltage Controlled Oscillator (or Crystal Controlled)
• 74340: Octal Buffer with Schmitt trigger inputs and three-state inverted outputs
• 74341: Octal Buffer with Schmitt trigger inputs and three-state noninverted outputs
• 74344: Octal Buffer with Schmitt trigger inputs and three-state noninverted outputs
• 74348: 8 to 3-line Priority Encoder with three-state outputs
• 74350: 4-bit Shifter with three-state outputs
• 74351: Dual 8-line to 1-line Data Selectors/Multiplexers with three-state outputs and 4 Common Data Inputs
• 74352: Dual 4-line to 1-line Data Selectors/Multiplexers with Inverting Outputs
• 74353: Dual 4-line to 1-line Data Selectors/Multiplexers with Inverting three-state outputs
• 74354: 8 to 1-line Data Selector/Multiplexer with Transparent Latch, three-state outputs
• 74356: 8 to 1-line Data Selector/Multiplexer with Edge-Triggered Register, three-state outputs
• 74361: Bubble memory function timing generator
• 74362: Four-Phase Clock Generator/Driver (aka TIM9904)
• 74365: Hex Buffer with Noninverted three-state outputs
• 74366: Hex Buffer with Inverted three-state outputs
• 74367: Hex Buffer with Noninverted three-state outputs
• 74368: Hex Buffer with Inverted three-state outputs
• 74370: 2048-bit (512x4) Read-only memory with three-state outputs
• 74371: 2048-bit (256x8) Read-only memory with three-state outputs
• 74373: Octal Transparent Latch with three-state outputs
• 74374: Octal Register with three-state outputs
• 74375: Quad Bistable Latch
• 74376: Quad J-Not-K Flip-flop with Common Clock and Common Clear
• 74377: 8-bit Register with Clock Enable
• 74378: 6-bit Register with Clock Enable
• 74379: 4-bit Register with Clock Enable and Complementary Outputs
• 74380: 8-bit Multifunction Register
• 74381: 4-bit Arithmetic Logic Unit/Function Generator with Generate and Propagate Outputs
• 74382: 4-bit Arithmetic Logic Unit/Function Generator with Ripple Carry and Overflow Outputs
• 74385: Quad 4-bit Adder/Subtractor
• 74386: Quad 2-Input XOR gate
• 74387: 1024-bit (256x4) Programmable read-only memory with open collector outputs
• 74388: 4-bit Register with Standard and Three-State Outputs (74LS388 is equivalent to AMD Am25LS2518 , functional equivalent to Am2918 and Am25S18)
• 74390: Dual 4-bit Decade Counter
• 74393: Dual 4-bit Binary Counter
• 74395: 4-bit Universal Shift register with three-state outputs
• 74398: Quad 2-input Multiplexers with Storage and Complementary Outputs
• 74399: Quad 2-input Multiplexer with Storage
• 74408: 8-bit Parity Tree
• 74412: Multi-Mode Buffered 8-bit Latches with three-state outputs and Clear (74S412 is equivalent to Intel 8212, TI TIM8212)
• 74423: Dual Retriggerable Monostable Multivibrator
• 74424: Two-Phase Clock Generator/Driver (74LS424 is equivalent to Intel 8224, TI TIM8224)
• 74425: Quad Gates with three-state outputs and Active Low Enables
• 74426: Quad Gates with three-state outputs and Active High Enables
• 74428: System Controller for 8080A (74S428 is equivalent to Intel 8228, TI TIM8228)
• 74438: System Controller for 8080A (74S438 is equivalent to Intel 8238, TI TIM8238)
• 74440: Quad Tridirectional Bus Transceiver with Noninverted open collector outputs
• 74441: Quad Tridirectional Bus Transceiver with Inverted open collector outputs
• 74442: Quad Tridirectional Bus Transceiver with Noninverted three-state outputs
• 74443: Quad Tridirectional Bus Transceiver with Inverted three-state outputs
• 74444: Quad Tridirectional Bus Transceiver with Inverted and Noninverted three-state outputs
• 74448: Quad Tridirectional Bus Transceiver with Inverted and Noninverted open collector outputs
• 74450: 16-to-1 Multiplexer with Complementary Outputs
• 74451: Dual 8-to-1 Multiplexer
• 74452: Dual Decade Counter, Synchronous
• 74453: Dual Binary Counter, Synchronous (Motorola, "plain" TTL)
• 74453: Quad 4-to-1 Multiplexer
• 74454: Dual Decade Up/Down Counter, Synchronous, Preset Input
• 74455: Dual Binary Up/Down Counter, Synchronous, Preset Input
• 74456: NBCD (Natural Binary Coded Decimal) Adder
• 74460: Bus Transfer Switch
• 74461: 8-bit Presettable Binary Counter with three-state outputs
• 74462: Fiber-Optic Link Transmitter
• 74463: Fiber-Optic Link Receiver
• 74465: Octal Buffer with three-state outputs
• 74468: Dual MOS-to-TTL Level Converter
• 74470: 2048-bit (256x8) Programmable read-only memory with open collector outputs
• 74471: 2048-bit (256x8) Programmable read-only memory with three-state outputs
• 74472: Programmable read-only memory with open collector outputs
• 74473: Programmable read-only memory with three-state outputs
• 74474: Programmable read-only memory with open collector outputs
• 74475: Programmable read-only memory with three-state outputs
• 74481: 4-bit Slice Processor Elements
• 74482: 4-bit Slice Expandable Control Elements
• 74484: BCD-to-Binary Converter (mask programmed SN74S371 ROM)
• 74485: Binary-to-BCD Converter (mask programmed SN74S371 ROM)
• 74490: Dual Decade Counter
• 74491: 10-bit Binary Up/Down Counter with Limited Preset and three-state logic outputs
• 74498: 8-bit Bidirectional Shift Register with Parallel Inputs and three-state outputs
• 74508: 8-bit Multiplier/Divider
• 74521: 8-bit Comparator
• 74531: Octal Transparent Latch with 32 mA three-state outputs
• 74532: Octal Register with 32 mA three-state outputs
• 74533: Octal Transparent Latch with Inverting Three-state logic outputs
• 74534: Octal Register with Inverting three-state outputs
• 74535: Octal Transparent Latch with Inverting three-state outputs
• 74536: Octal Register with Inverting 32 mA three-state outputs
• 74537: BCD to Decimal Decoder with three-state outputs
• 74538: 1 of 8 Decoder with three-state outputs
• 74539: Dual 1 of 4 Decoder with three-state outputs
• 74540: Inverting Octal Buffer with three-state outputs
• 74541: Non-inverting Octal Buffer with three-state outputs
• 74560: 4-bit Decade Counter with three-state outputs
• 74561: 4-bit Binary Counter with three-state outputs
• 74563: 8-bit D-Type Transparent Latch with Inverting three-state outputs
• 74564: 8-bit D-Type Edge-Triggered Register with Inverting three-state outputs
• 74568: Decade Up/Down Counter with three-state outputs
• 74569: Binary Up/Down Counter with three-state outputs
• 74573: Octal D-Type Transparent Latch with Three-State Outputs
• 74574: Octal D-Type Edge-Triggered Flip-flop with Three-state outputs
• 74575: Octal D-Type Flip-Flop with Synchronous Clear, Three-state outputs
• 74576: Octal D-Type Flip-Flop with Inverting Three-state outputs
• 74577: Octal D-Type Flip-Flop with Synchronous Clear, Inverting three-state outputs
• 74580: Octal Transceiver/Latch with Inverting three-state outputs
• 74589: 8-bit Shift Register with Input Latch, three-state outputs
• 74590: 8-Bit Binary Counter with Output Registers and three-state outputs
• 74592: 8-Bit Binary Counter with Input Registers
• 74593: 8-Bit Binary Counter with Input Registers and three-state outputs
• 74594: Serial-in Shift register with Output Latches
• 74595: Serial-in Shift register with Output Registers
• 74596: Serial-in Shift register with Output Registers and open collector outputs
• 74597: Serial-out Shift register with Input Latches
• 74598: Shift register with Input latches
• 74600: Dynamic Memory Refresh Controller, Transparent and Burst Modes, for 4K or 16K DRAMs (74LS600 is equivalent to TI TIM99600)
• 74601: Dynamic Memory Refresh Controller, Transparent and Burst Modes, for 64K DRAMs (74LS601 is equivalent to TI TIM99601)
• 74602: Dynamic Memory Refresh Controller, Cycle Steal and Burst Modes, for 4K or 16K DRAMs (74LS602 is equivalent to TI TIM99602)
• 74603: Dynamic Memory Refresh Controller, Cycle Steal and Burst Modes, for 64K DRAMs (74LS603 is equivalent to TI TIM99603)
• 74604: Octal 2-input Multiplexer with Latch, High-Speed, with Three-state outputs (74LS604 is equivalent to TI TIM99604)
• 74605: Octal 2-input Multiplexer with Latch, High-Speed, with open collector outputs (74LS605 is equivalent to TI TIM99605)
• 74606: Octal 2-input Multiplexer with Latch, Glitch-Free, with Three-state outputs (74LS606 is equivalent to TI TIM99606)
• 74607: Octal 2-input Multiplexer with Latch, Glitch-Free, with open collector outputs (74LS607 is equivalent to TI TIM99607)
• 74608: Memory Cycle Controller (74LS608 is equivalent to TI TIM99608)
• 74610: Memory Mapper, Latched, Three-state Outputs (74LS610 is equivalent to TI TIM99610)
• 74611: Memory Mapper, Latched, open collector outputs (74LS611 is equivalent to TI TIM99611)
• 74612: Memory Mapper, Three-state logic Outputs (74LS612 is equivalent to TI TIM99612)
• 74613: Memory Mapper, open collector outputs (74LS613 is equivalent to TI TIM99613)
• 74620: Octal Bus Transceiver, Inverting, Three-state Outputs
• 74621: Octal Bus Transceiver, Noninverting, open collector outputs
• 74622: Octal Bus Transceiver, Inverting, open collector outputs
• 74623: Octal Bus Transceiver, Noninverting, Three-state outputs
• 74624: Voltage-Controlled Oscillator with Enable Control, Range Control, Two-Phase Outputs
• 74625: Dual Voltage-Controlled Oscillator with Two-Phase Outputs
• 74626: Dual Voltage-Controlled Oscillator with Enable Control, Two-Phase Outputs
• 74627: Dual Voltage-Controlled Oscillator
• 74628: Voltage-Controlled Oscillator with Enable Control, Range Control, External Temperature Compensation, and Two-Phase Outputs
• 74629: Dual Voltage-Controlled Oscillator with Enable Control, Range Control
• 74630: 16-bit Error Detection and Correction (EDAC) with three-state outputs
• 74631: 16-bit Error Detection and Correction (EDAC) with open collector outputs
• 74632: 32-bit Error Detection and Correction (EDAC)
• 74638: Octal Bus Transceiver with Inverting three-state outputs
• 74639: Octal Bus Transceiver with Noninverting three-state outputs
• 74640: Octal Bus Transceiver with Inverting three-state outputs
• 74641: Octal Bus Transceiver with Noninverting open collector outputs
• 74642: Octal Bus Transceiver with Inverting open collector outputs
• 74643: Octal Bus Transceiver with Mix of Inverting and Noninverting three-state outputs
• 74644: Octal Bus Transceiver with Mix of Inverting and Noninverting open collector outputs
• 74645: Octal Bus Transceiver
• 74646: Octal Bus Transceiver/Latch/Multiplexer with Noninverting three-state outputs
• 74647: Octal Bus Transceiver/Latch/Multiplexer with Noninverting open collector outputs
• 74648: Octal Bus Transceiver/Latch/Multiplexer with Inverting three-state outputs
• 74649: Octal Bus Transceiver/Latch]]/Multiplexer with Inverting open collector outputs
• 74651: Octal Bus Transcevier/Register with Inverting three-state outputs
• 74652: Octal Bus Transcevier/Register with Noninverting three-state outputs
• 74653: Octal Bus Transcevier/Register with Inverting three-state and open collector outputs
• 74654: Octal Bus Transcevier/Register with Noninverting three-state and open collector outputs
• 74658: Octal Bus Transceiver with Parity, Inverting
• 74659: Octal Bus Transceiver with Parity, Noninverting
• 74664: Octal Bus Transcevier with Parity, Inverting
• 74665: Octal Bus Transcevier with Parity, Noninverting
• 74668: Synchronous 4-bit Decade Up/Down Counter
• 74669: Synchronous 4-bit Binary Up/Down Counter
• 74670: 4 by 4 Register File with three-state outputs
• 74671: 4-bit Bidirectional Shift register/Latch /Multiplexer with three-state outputs
• 74672: 4-bit Bidirectional Shift register/Latch/Multiplexer with three-state outputs
• 74673: 16-bit Serial-in Serial-Out Shift register with Output Storage Registers, three-state outputs
• 74674: 16-bit Parallel-in Serial-out Shift register with three-state outputs
• 74677: 16-bit Address Comparator with Enable
• 74678: 16-bit Address Comparator with Latch
• 74679: 12-bit Address Comparator with Latch
• 74680: 12-bit Address Comparator with Enable
• 74681: 4-bit Parallel Binary Accumulator
• 74682: 8-bit Magnitude Comparator
• 74683: 8-bit Magnitude Comparator with open collector outputs
• 74684: 8-bit Magnitude Comparator
• 74685: 8-bit Magnitude Comparator with open collector outputs
• 74686: 8-bit Magnitude Comparator with Enable
• 74687: 8-bit Magnitude Comparator with Enable
• 74688: 8-bit Magnitude Comparator
• 74689: 8-bit Magnitude Comparator with open collector outputs
• 74690: 4-bit Decimal Counter/Latch/Multiplexer with Asynchronous Reset, Three-State Outputs
• 74691: 4-bit Binary Counter/Latch/Multiplexer with Asynchronous Reset, Three-State Outputs
• 74692: 4-bit Decimal Counter/Latch/Multiplexer with Synchronous Reset, Three-State Outputs
• 74693: 4-bit Binary Counter/Latch/Multiplexer with Synchronous Reset, Three-State Outputs
• 74694: 4-bit Decimal Counter/Latch/Multiplexer with Synchronous and Asynchronous Resets, three-state outputs
• 74695: 4-bit Binary Counter/Latch/Multiplexer with Synchronous and Asynchronous Resets, three-state outputs
• 74696: 4-bit Decimal Counter/Register/Multiplexer with Asynchronous Reset, three-state outputs
• 74697: 4-bit Binary Counter/Register/Multiplexer with Asynchronous Reset, three-state outputs
• 74698: 4-bit Decimal Counter/Register/Multiplexer with Synchronous Reset, three-state outputs
• 74699: 4-bit Binary Counter/Register/Multiplexer with Synchronous Reset, three-state outputs
• 74716: Programmable Decade Counter (74LS716 is equivalent to Motorola MC4016)
• 74718: Programmable Binary Counter (74LS718 is equivalent to Motorola MC4018)
• 74724: Voltage Controlled Multivibrator
• 74740: Octal Buffer/Line Driver, Inverting, three-state outputs
• 74741: Octal Buffer/Line Driver, Noninverting, three-state outputs, Mixed enable polarity
• 74744: Octal Buffer/Line Driver, Noninverting, three-state logic outputs
• 74748: 8 to 3-line priority encoder
• 74783: Synchronous Address Multiplexer (74LS783 is equivalent to Motorola MC6883)
• 74790: Error Detection and Correction (EDAC)
• 74795: Octal Buffer with Three-state logic outputs (74LS795 is equivalent to 81LS95)
• 74796: Octal Buffer with Three-state logic outputs (74LS796 is equivalent to 81LS96)
• 74797: Octal Buffer with Three-state logic outputs (74LS797 is equivalent to 81LS97)
• 74798: Octal Buffer with Three-state logic outputs (74LS798 is equivalent to 81LS98)
• 74804: Hex 2-input NAND Drivers
• 74805: Hex 2-input NOR Drivers
• 74808: Hex 2-input AND Drivers
• 74832: Hex 2-input OR Drivers
• 74848: 8 to 3-line Priority Encoder with three-state outputs
• 74873: Octal Transparent Latch
• 74874: Octal D-Type Flip-flop
• 74876: Octal D-Type Flip-flop with Inverting Outputs
• 74878: Dual 4-bit D-Type Flip-flop with Synchronous Clear, Noninverting three-state outputs
• 74879: Dual 4-bit D-Type Flip-flop with Synchronous Clear, Inverting three-state outputs
• 74880: Octal Transparent Latch with Inverting Outputs
• 74881: 4-bit Arithmetic Logic Unit/Function Generator
• 74882: 32-bit Lookahead Carry Generator
• 742960: Error Detection and Correction (EDAC) (74F2960 is equivalent to AMD Am2960)
• 742961: EDAC Bus Buffer, Inverting
• 742962: EDAC Bus Buffer, Noninverting
• 742968: Dynamic Memory Controller
• 742969: Memory Timing Controller for use with EDAC
• 742970: Memory Timing Controller for use without EDAC
• 744020:
• 744028: BCD to Decimal Decoder
• 744040:
• 744046:
• 744050:
• 744051: High-Speed CMOS Logic Analog Multiplexers/Demultiplexers
• 744060: 14-stage binary ripple counter with oscillator
• 744066: Quad bilateral switches
• 744075: Triple 3-input OR Gate
• 744078: 8-Input OR/NOR gate
• 744316:
• 744511: BCD to 7-Segment Decoder
• 744520: Dual 4-bit Synchronous Binary Counter
• 744538:
• 747266: Quad 2-input XNOR gate
Notes
Some TTL logic parts were made with an extended military-specification temperature range. These parts are prefixed with 54 instead of 74 in the part number. A short-lived 64 prefix on Texas Instruments parts indicated an industrial temperature range; this prefix had been dropped from the TI literature by 1973. Most recent 7400 series parts are fabricated in CMOS or BiCMOS technology rather than TTL.
TTL parts made by manufacturers such as Signetics, Motorola, Mullard and Siemens may have different numeric prefix and numbering series entirely.
A few alphabetic characters to designate a specific logic subfamily may immediately follow the 74 or 54 in the part number, e.g., 74LS74 for Low-power Schottky. Some CMOS parts such as 74HCT74 for High-speed CMOS with TTL-compatible input thresholds are functionally similar to the TTL part. Not all functions are available in all families.
In a few instances, such as the 7478 and 74107, the same suffix in different families do not have completely equivalent logic functions.
There are a few numeric suffixes that have multiple conflicting assignments, such as the 74453.
Some manufacturers designate some 4000 equivalent CMOS circuits with a 74 prefix, for example 74HC4066. See list of 4000 series integrated circuits if you need to identify such
Transducer Definition
A transducer is a device, usually electrical, electronic, electro-mechanical, electromagnetic, photonic, or photovoltaic that converts one type of energy or physical attribute to another for various purposes including measurement or information transfer (for example, pressure sensors).
The term transducer is commonly used in two senses; the sensor, used to detect a parameter in one form and report it in another (usually an electrical or digital signal), and the audio loudspeaker, which converts electrical voltage variations representing music or speech, to mechanical cone vibration and hence vibrates air molecules creating sound.
Types of transducers
• Electromagnetic:
o Antenna - converts electromagnetic waves into electric current and vice versa.
o Cathode ray tube (CRT) - converts electrical signals into visual form
o Fluorescent lamp, - converts electrical power into visible light
o Magnetic cartridge - converts motion into electrical form
o Pick up (music technology)- converts motion into electrical form
o Photodetector or Photoresistor (LDR) - converts changes in light levels into resistance changes
o Tape head - converts changing magnetic fields into electrical form
o Hall effect sensor - converts a magnetic field level into electrical form only.
• Electrochemical:
o pH probes
o Electro-galvanic fuel cell
• Electromechanical (electromechanical output devices are generically called actuators):
o Electroactive polymers
o Galvanometer
o Rotary motor, linear motor
o Vibration powered generator
o Potentiometer when used for measuring position
o Load cell converts force to mV/V electrical signal using strain gauge
o Accelerometer
o Strain gauge
o Air flow sensor
• Electroacoustic:
o Geophone - convert a ground movement (displacement) into voltage
o Gramophone pick-up
o Hydrophone - converts changes in water pressure into an electrical form
o - converts changes in electrical signals into acoustic form
o Microphone - converts changes in air pressure into an electrical signal
o Piezoelectric crystal - converts pressure changes into electrical form (and electrical signals into acoustic/mechanical form)
o Tactile transducer
• Photoelectric:
o Laser diode, light-emitting diode- convert electrical power into forms of light
o Photodiode, photoresistor, tube - converts changing light levels into electrical form
• Electrostatic:
o Electrometer
• Thermoelectric:
o Resistance Temperature Detector
o Thermocouple
o Thermistor (includes PTC resistor and NTC resistor)
• Radioacoustic:
o used for measuring radioactivity.
o Receiver (radio)
The term transducer is commonly used in two senses; the sensor, used to detect a parameter in one form and report it in another (usually an electrical or digital signal), and the audio loudspeaker, which converts electrical voltage variations representing music or speech, to mechanical cone vibration and hence vibrates air molecules creating sound.
Types of transducers
• Electromagnetic:
o Antenna - converts electromagnetic waves into electric current and vice versa.
o Cathode ray tube (CRT) - converts electrical signals into visual form
o Fluorescent lamp, - converts electrical power into visible light
o Magnetic cartridge - converts motion into electrical form
o Pick up (music technology)- converts motion into electrical form
o Photodetector or Photoresistor (LDR) - converts changes in light levels into resistance changes
o Tape head - converts changing magnetic fields into electrical form
o Hall effect sensor - converts a magnetic field level into electrical form only.
• Electrochemical:
o pH probes
o Electro-galvanic fuel cell
• Electromechanical (electromechanical output devices are generically called actuators):
o Electroactive polymers
o Galvanometer
o Rotary motor, linear motor
o Vibration powered generator
o Potentiometer when used for measuring position
o Load cell converts force to mV/V electrical signal using strain gauge
o Accelerometer
o Strain gauge
o Air flow sensor
• Electroacoustic:
o Geophone - convert a ground movement (displacement) into voltage
o Gramophone pick-up
o Hydrophone - converts changes in water pressure into an electrical form
o - converts changes in electrical signals into acoustic form
o Microphone - converts changes in air pressure into an electrical signal
o Piezoelectric crystal - converts pressure changes into electrical form (and electrical signals into acoustic/mechanical form)
o Tactile transducer
• Photoelectric:
o Laser diode, light-emitting diode- convert electrical power into forms of light
o Photodiode, photoresistor, tube - converts changing light levels into electrical form
• Electrostatic:
o Electrometer
• Thermoelectric:
o Resistance Temperature Detector
o Thermocouple
o Thermistor (includes PTC resistor and NTC resistor)
• Radioacoustic:
o used for measuring radioactivity.
o Receiver (radio)
Mechatronics Definition
Mechatronics (or Mechanical and Electronics Engineering) is the synergistic combination of mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, controls engineering and computer engineering to create useful products. The purpose of this interdisciplinary engineering field is the study of automata from an engineering perspective and serves the purposes of controlling advanced hybrid systems. The word itself is a combination of 'Mechanics' and 'Electronics'.
Signal theory Statement jalilblog
Signal theory is the theory of the engineering discipline of signal processing. It provides mathematical approaches for use in a wide range of applications. Fields as far apart as statistical physics and op-amp electronics share some of this material.
High-level aspects include:
• Amplitude
• phase
• resonance
• Q (Q for "quality", means the strength of a resonance)
• time constant (of a filter)
• great-signal and small-signal bandwidth
• maximum output swing
• noise floor
High-level aspects include:
• Amplitude
• phase
• resonance
• Q (Q for "quality", means the strength of a resonance)
• time constant (of a filter)
• great-signal and small-signal bandwidth
• maximum output swing
• noise floor
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